PMB 3212 Exam 1
oldest fungal fossils - ANS-Rhynie Chert (Scotland): 400 myo
African fossil: 800 myo
phylogenetic tree of life - ANS-shows when lineages are thought to have emerged
divergence times based on fossil and molecular data
foray table - ANS-used to preliminarily organize finds from a foray into phyla and
subphyla
fungi as plants - ANS-considered plants until recently
now considered a separate kingdom
taxonomy - ANS-nomenclature of organisms
classification - ANS-orders names of organisms (part of taxonomy)
systematics - ANS-determination and study of evolutionary relationships among
organisms
nucleotide - ANS-nitrogenous base (ATGC) + sugar phosphate backbone
DNA sequence - ANS-sequence of nucleotides in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or
nuclear DNA (nDNA)
genome - ANS-mtDNA + nDNA
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome - ANS-12.1 Mb
12.0 Mb nDNA
85.9 kb mtDNA
38.4% GC content
5404 proteins
6275 genes
16 chromosomes
31% homology w humans
fungal genome size - ANS-between 10^7 and 10^8 Mb
, imperfect stage - ANS-asexual
anamorph
mitosis -> spores -> germination
perfect stage - ANS-teleomorph
sexual
karyogamy -> zygote -> meosis -> mitosis -> dispersal and germination
holomorph - ANS-has sexual and asexual stages
imperfect fungus from old taxonomy - ANS-Trichoderma virens
one fungus, two names - ANS-DNA has revolutionized taxonomy, helped distinguish
species previously thought to be different forms of the same species
Trichoderma virens
Hypcrea virens
central dogma - ANS-Transcription: DNA -> mRNA
Translation: mRNA -> functional molecule
ribosome function - ANS-carries out translation, uses mRNA to build proteins
ribosomal gene clusters - ANS-encodes 3 regions of ribosomal RNA
subunits sequenced for phylogenetics and taxonomy
key genes/regions of ribosomal gene cluster - ANS-18S small subunit (SSU)
5.8S & 28S large subunits (LSU)
internal transcribed spacers (ITS)
tandem repeats - ANS-200+ ribosomal/ITS sequence copies
separated by non-transcribed spacers (NTS)
18S small subunit - ANS-region of rRNA in ribosomal gene cluster
encodes RNA for small subunit
highly conserved among fungi
preferred for phylogenetics
5.8S and 28S large subunits - ANS-region of rRNA in ribosomal gene cluster
encodes RNA for large subunit
highly conserved among fungi
oldest fungal fossils - ANS-Rhynie Chert (Scotland): 400 myo
African fossil: 800 myo
phylogenetic tree of life - ANS-shows when lineages are thought to have emerged
divergence times based on fossil and molecular data
foray table - ANS-used to preliminarily organize finds from a foray into phyla and
subphyla
fungi as plants - ANS-considered plants until recently
now considered a separate kingdom
taxonomy - ANS-nomenclature of organisms
classification - ANS-orders names of organisms (part of taxonomy)
systematics - ANS-determination and study of evolutionary relationships among
organisms
nucleotide - ANS-nitrogenous base (ATGC) + sugar phosphate backbone
DNA sequence - ANS-sequence of nucleotides in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or
nuclear DNA (nDNA)
genome - ANS-mtDNA + nDNA
yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genome - ANS-12.1 Mb
12.0 Mb nDNA
85.9 kb mtDNA
38.4% GC content
5404 proteins
6275 genes
16 chromosomes
31% homology w humans
fungal genome size - ANS-between 10^7 and 10^8 Mb
, imperfect stage - ANS-asexual
anamorph
mitosis -> spores -> germination
perfect stage - ANS-teleomorph
sexual
karyogamy -> zygote -> meosis -> mitosis -> dispersal and germination
holomorph - ANS-has sexual and asexual stages
imperfect fungus from old taxonomy - ANS-Trichoderma virens
one fungus, two names - ANS-DNA has revolutionized taxonomy, helped distinguish
species previously thought to be different forms of the same species
Trichoderma virens
Hypcrea virens
central dogma - ANS-Transcription: DNA -> mRNA
Translation: mRNA -> functional molecule
ribosome function - ANS-carries out translation, uses mRNA to build proteins
ribosomal gene clusters - ANS-encodes 3 regions of ribosomal RNA
subunits sequenced for phylogenetics and taxonomy
key genes/regions of ribosomal gene cluster - ANS-18S small subunit (SSU)
5.8S & 28S large subunits (LSU)
internal transcribed spacers (ITS)
tandem repeats - ANS-200+ ribosomal/ITS sequence copies
separated by non-transcribed spacers (NTS)
18S small subunit - ANS-region of rRNA in ribosomal gene cluster
encodes RNA for small subunit
highly conserved among fungi
preferred for phylogenetics
5.8S and 28S large subunits - ANS-region of rRNA in ribosomal gene cluster
encodes RNA for large subunit
highly conserved among fungi
