Carleton University - NEUR 3204 : ALCOHOL Questions And Answers Rated A+ 2024 Updates

Acetaldehyde is further broken down into acetic acid by which enzyme? - Aldehyde dehydrogenase Alcohol is metabolized via which order of kinetics? - zero order, this is a linear graph. This implies that alcohol breakdown does not depend on the concentration in the blood, but instead how fast the liver can break alcohol down. Tolerance will have an effect on the slope. Alcohol passes through biological membranes via ____________ ______________, which explains why shots of alcohol get you ________ drunk. - passive diffusion; more Antabuse and Disulfram are used to treat alcoholism through which mechanism? - They inhibit acetaldehyde hydrogenase, causing major hangovers when consuming even small amounts of alcohol Describe the process of alcohol absorption - 10-20% of absorption occurs in the stomach, this percentage varies based on how much food is in the stomach. The rest is absorbed in the small intestine. Does biological sex play a role in the distribution of alcohol in the body? - Yes, males typically have more muscle mass and less fat than females, which can effect absorption First Pass Metabolism of alcohol describes - The first wave of alcohol coming through the liver and getting broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Some alcohol will slip through without getting broken down. From the bloodstream, where does alcohol travel next? - the liver Once alcohol is finally broken down into acetic acid, an oxidation reaction creates which two products - carbon dioxide and waterOther than the amount of food in the stomach, which other factor can influence alcohol absorption in the stomach and small intestine - carbonation in drinks Second pass metabolism of alcohol describes - The second time the liver encounters alcohol that has escaped the first pass and is finally broken down into carbon dioxide and water. The process of increasing the number of enzymes in the liver (the basis for metabolic tolerance) is called - Induction What are the cardiovascular system effects of alcohol? - - dilation of peripheral blood vessels --> this causes feelings of warmth and a flushed face What are the consequences of regular alcohol use for the liver? - Stage 1: Fatty Liver Stage 2: Hepatitis (inflammation leading to cell death) Stage 3: Cirrhosis ( permanent scar tissue development) What are the effects on the renal system when consuming alcohol? - - large volumes of dilute urine caused by a reduction in antidiuretic hormone secretion and increased fluid intake What are the GI system effects of alcohol? - - increased salivation - increased secretion of gastric juices - reduced absorption of nutrients, especially vitamin B1 & B6 What are the reproductive system effects of alcohol? - - reduced physiological arousal - increased psychological arousal What effect does chronic alcohol abuse have on the enzymes of the liver? - Increases in both alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 enzymesWhat is behavioural tolerance in the context of alcohol abuse? - Behavioural effects are reduced, feelings are normalized What is pharmacodynamic tolerance in the context of alcohol abuse? - Neurons adapt to the continuous drug present and make compensatory changes like removing recepts and increasing reuptake