Cognitive Psychology- Everyday memory actual downloadable exam with 100- correct answers

Strengths of Everyday memory research ecological validity studying real-life situations answering practical questions Weaknesses of Everyday memory research internal and external validity lack of experimental rigour low generalisability ; but predictable from lab phenomena (Banaji & Crowder, 1989) Everyday Memory (Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996) "What?" Everyday phenomena "How?" Ecologically valid methods "Where?" Naturalistic settings Everyday approach based on correspondence metaphor (i.e. goodness of fit between report & event) Traditional Memory (Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996) "What?" Lists of words & digits "How?" Under controlled conditions "Where?" Laboratory Traditional approach based on storehouse metaphor (i.e. no. of items accessible) Eyewitness Testimony - Traditional (storehouse metaphor) emphasises number of items of information recalled Eyewitness Testimony - Everyday (correspondence metaphor) emphasises whether the crucial information (e.g. facial characteristics) can be recalled Autobiographical Memory "Memory for the events of one's life" (Conway & Rubin, 1993) life goals, long-term experiences, powerful emotions Episodic memory specific events Structure of Autobiographical Memory Three levels of A.M. (Conway, 1996) Lifetime periods (living with someone; working for a firm) General events (holidays) Event-specific knowledge (images, feelings & details relating to general events) Memories across the Lifetime Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes (1986) gave 70 yr. old P's cue-words Retention function: up to 20 years Reminiscence bump: most memories for 10-30 years (especially 15-25 years) Infantile amnesia: total lack of memories from first 5 years Reminiscence bump: not found in 30-40 year olds but nearly always found in older people may be explained by first-time experiences in adolescence & early adulthood (Cohen & Faulkner, 1988) Infantile amnesia: development of the self (visual self-recognition) at 2 years corresponds with development of LTM (Howe & Courage, 1997) Diary Studies Linton (1975): recorded 2 events per day over 6 years. Memory tested monthly by randomly selecting 2 events 60% of events completely forgotten after 4½ years (40% if tested during period) semantic memory increases; episodic memory decreases only moderate correlation between important/emotional events & recallability Diary Studies Wagenaar (1986) recorded 2000+ events over 6 years Recorded 'who', 'what'' 'where' & 'when' & rated for pleasantness, saliency or rarity & emotionality 50% events forgotten after 5 years. However, if other person supplied further info Wagenaar nearly always recalled event Evaluation of Autobiographical Memory A.M's stored in categories & organised hierarchically Novel & first time experiences particularly memorable Personality determines recall (e.g. Haberlandt, 1999) Schemas (e.g., Bartlett, 1932) mental representations from past experiences generic knowledge applied to many instances represent events, situations, objects, etc Scripts (e.g. Schank & Abelson, 1977) schemata with organised sequences of stereotypical actions (e.g., restaurant, bank, party, etc.)