PSY 252 Final Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

PSY 252 Final Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Cigarette smoking among U.S. adolescents: a) peaked in 2005 and has gradually declined since then. b) has been increasing every year. c) peaked in 1996 and has gradually declined since then. d) has not seen a decline. In the last half of the twentieth century and the first several years of the twenty-first century, U.S. high school dropout rates: a) increased b) declined c) remained unchanged d) plateuaed In the University of Michigan Monitoring the Future Study, ___ percent of high school seniors said they had been in a vehicle with a drugged or drinking driver in the past two weeks. a) 30 B) 70 c) 20 d) 40 According to Jean Piaget, around age 11, the fourth stage of cognitive development, the _____ stage, begins. a) concrete operational b) postoperational c) formal operational d) passive operational According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools, the percentage of illicit drug use: a) declined in the late 1990s b) was highest during the early 1990s c) has been at the same level since 1990 d) increased significantly between Who is the founder of the present field of cognitive development? a) Jean Piaget b) Lawrence Kohlberg c) Albert Bandura d) Erik Erikson In the sixth grade, early-maturing girls show____ with their figures than do late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade late-maturing girls are more ____. a) greater satisfaction: satisfied b) less confidence; conflicted c) greater preoccupation: preoccupied d) more unhappiness; unhappy Anorexia nervosa is about ____likely to occur in females than males. a) twice more b) 10 times more c) half as d) three times more Leading researcher Charles Nelson proposed the view that, although adolescents are capable of very strong emotions, their prefrontal cortex has not adequately developed to the point at which they can control these passions. His view reflects the rapidly emerging field of ____, which involves connections between development, the brain, and socioemotional processes. a) socioemotional neuroscience b) biosocial neuroscience c) psychosocial neuroscience d) social developmental neuroscience ____ learning is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community. a) service b) social c) collaborative d) cooperative Which of the following has been found to be true about binge drinking? a) binge drinking has declined among high school seniors since 1980. b) binge drinking has increased for students in the eighth grade in recent years c) binge drinking has increased for students in the tenth grade in recent years d) females engage in more binge drinking than males In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago, early-maturing boys perceived themselves ___ than did their late-maturing counter parts. When the late-Maturing boys were in the their thirties, however, they had developed a ___ than the early-maturing boys had. a) as an anomaly; stronger feeling of inadequacy b) more positively; stronger sense of identity c) as misfits; a more negative self-image d) more negatively; deeper sense of regret When Daniel Offer and his colleagues studied the self-images of adolescents in the United States, Australia, Bangladesh, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, Taiwan, and West Germany, at least _____ percent of the adolescents displayed a healthy self-image. a) 25 b) 48 c) 60 d) 73 Which of the following statements about the timing and variations in puberty is true? a) children in European countries mature up to a year earlier than their American counterparts. b) For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15. c) Genes have little to do with when and how puberty develops d) Non-Latino white girls experience puberty earlier than African American girls According to the National Youth Risk Survey, ____ boys exercised the most and ____ girls exercised the least among adolescents is the U.S. a) Latino; Latina b) African American; non-Latino White c) Latino; African American d) non-Latino White; African American Identity development: a) is a single, neat process b) gets done in bits and pieces c) happens cataclysmically d) involves making decisions once and for all Which of the following statements about identity development is true? a) synthesizing the identity components is a single, neat process in normal individuals. b) decisions about identity may take time, but once they are made, they are set for life c) identity development occurs in a single, one-step process. d) identity encompasses an individual's personality characteristics Most adolescents from ethnic minority groups develop a ____ identity. a) bicultural b) bilingual c) mixed-cultural d) monocultural Which of the following is the third-leading cause of death in 10 to 19 year olds today in the United States? a) Homicide b) suicide c) MVA d) infectious diseases Late bloomers comprise approximately 10 percent ___ who say that they have had no experience with romantic relationships. a) 14 to 16 year olds b) 17 to 19 year olds c) 12 to 13 year olds d) 15 to 16 year olds At ____ years of age, romantic relations are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships. a) 12 to 15 b) 11 to 13 c) 14 to 16 d) 17 to 19 Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer from what Erikson calls ___. a) identity diffusion b) unresolved identity c) identity confusion d) identity moratorium Early-onset antisocial behavior: a) has lesser negative developmental outcomes than late-onset antisocial behavior b) is less likely to persist into emerging adulthood c) is associated with more mental health problems d) is not associated with relationship problems, unlike late -onset antisocial behavior Identity ___ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisis. a) foreclosure b) moratorium c) achievement d) diffusion Which of the following statements about the trends in juvenile delinquency in the U.S. is not true? a) about half of the delinquency caseloads in 2005 involve females. b) is less likely to persist into emerging adulthood. c) is associated with more mental health problems d) is not associated with relationship problems, unlike late-onset antisocial behavior ____ are excessively self-centered and self- congratulatory, viewing their own needs and desires as paramount. a) pessimists b) egotists c) pragmatists d) narcissists A study of tenth- graders revealed that: a) the number of romantic experiences reported had no link with levels of social acceptance experienced by adolescents b) having more romantic experience was linked to a higher level of substance use and delinquency c) co-rumination and romantic involvement predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms d) having no experience of romantic relationships is a consistent predictor of depression and deviant behavior Results of a New-Zealand longitudinal study that assessed the self-esteem of adolescents at 11, 13, and 15 years of age and adjustment and competence of the same individuals when they are 26 years old, indicated: a) no connection between self-esteem in adolescence and competence as adults b) that well-adjusted, competent adults were just as likely as adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health to have low self-esteem in adolescence c) individuals with low self-esteem in adolescence showed no negative outcomes in adulthood. d) that adults characterized by poorer mental and physical health were more likely to have low self-esteem in adolescence than well-adjusted, competent adults. ____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives. a) commitment b) calling c) conscientiousness d) crisis A consensus is developing that the key changes in identity are more likely to take place at ____. a) 18 to 25 years b) 15 to 17 years c) 12 to 15 years d) 9 to 12 years _____ reflects an individuals personal investment in identity. a) commitment b) collaboration c) calling d) conscientiousness Which of the following are mainly driving the increased media use by adolescents? a) newspapers b) desktop computers c) mobile media d) internet cafes Through controversial, it is indicated that self-esteem: a) increases in adolescence b) remains constant in adolescence c) shows no gender difference in adolescents d) declines in adolescent girls Obesity is ___ prevalent among women with low incomes than among with high incomes. a) far less b) marginally less c) several times more d) marginally more A recent study revealed that college students from low-SES backgrounds ___ than their higher-SES counterparts. a) ate less fast food b) ate more fruits and vegetables c) controlled their weight better d) engaged in lower levels of physical activity This concept, recently described by Phylis Moen, reflects ingrained cultural beliefs that engaging in hard work for long hours through adulthood will produce a path to status, security, and happiness. a) the American dream b) the mythical career c) the career mystique d) the golden handshake Which of the following is true about cigarette smoking? a) children of smokers are at special risk for respiratory and middle-ear disease b) more people smoke today than in the past c) a small percentage of all living adults who have ever smoked have quit d) most adult smokers are unwilling to quit because they are unaware of the dangers of cigarette smoking Nicotine is a____. a) depressant b) stimulant c) narcotic d) sedative Most of us reach our peak physical performance: a) before the age of 30, often between the ages of 19 and 26. b) often between the ages of 15 and 22 c) before the age of 20 d) before the age of 22, often between the ages of 14 and 19 Emerging adults have ___ chronic health problems, and they have ____ colds and respiratory problems than when they were children. a) few; fewer b) several; far more c) many; fewer d) hardly any; significantly higher According to Piaget, the _____ stage of cognitive development characterizes adults as well adolescents. a) formal operational b) concrete operational c) sensorimotor d) preoperational In interviews with 12 to 22 year old about finding their purpose in life, William Damon found that: a) most expressed no aspirations and in some instances said they didn't see any reason to have aspirations b) the largest percentage had engaged in some potentially purposeful activities but still did not have a real commitment or any reasonable plans for reaching their goals c) most have a clear vision of where they want to go in life, what they want to achieve, and why d) most of those who had engaged in service learning or career counseling had a commitment and reasonable plans for reaching their goals Binge drinking peaks at about: a) 16 to 18 years b) 21 to 22 years c) 17 to 19 years d) 24 to 26 years When people gain weight, the number of their ___ cells increases. a) epithelial b) nervous c) muscle d) adipose The weight you maintain when you make no effort to gain or lower weight is called your: a) ideal weight b) basal weight c) set point d) extreme point According to a recent study, college students from low-SES backgrounds ____ when compared to their higher-SES counterparts. a) engaged in higher levels of physical activity b) showed unhealthy weight control c) ate more fruits and vegetables d) ate less fast food In the United States, between 1980 and 2004 the percentage of Latinos and Asian Americans ___ in the workplace. a) more than doubled b) remained the same c) more than tripled d) dramatically declined One study explored links between health behavior and life satisfaction in more than 17,000 individuals 17 to 30 years of age in 21 countries. The young adults life satisfaction was NOT found to be positively related to ____. a) alcohol consumption b) limiting fat intake c) using sun protection d) eating fruits Living together in a sexual relationship without being married is known as ____. a) consensual validation b) attachment c) coparenting d) cohabitation Gayle's divorce was final last year. During the first year after the divorce, Gayle spent every evening after work in a singles bar. She had several casual affairs. Gayle can be characterized as an: a) enhancer b) good-enough c) libertine d) competent loner According to Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, ___ relates to the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship. a) attachment b) affectionate c) romantic d) consummate According to E. Mavis Hetherington's research, the largest group of divorced people falls into the category of: a) the good enough b) the enhancers c) the seekers d) the defeated A relationship marked by intimacy and commitment but low or lacking in passion is called ____, a pattern often found among couples who have been married for many years. a) romantic love b) consummate love c) affectionate love d) fatuous love The early stages of love have more ___ love ingredients. a) romantic b) companionate c) passionate d) consummate Data from 2009 indicate that in the U.S. for the first time in history: a) adults began to cohabit instead of entering into marriages. b) the proportion of individuals 25 to 34 years who have never been married exceeded those who were married. c) the percentage of cohabiting adults began to decline. d) the proportion of individuals 25 to 34 years who are or have been married exceeded those who have never been never married. Deborah Tannen analyzed the talk of men and women and found that compared with women, men prefer to engage in ___ talk. a) rapport b) report c) money d) informational