CSD 303 Exam 1 || A+ graded solutions.
high pass filter correct answers passes energy above a designated lower cutoff frequency (blocks low, passes high)
low pass filter correct answers Attenuates high frequency energy but passes low frequency energy (blocks high, passes low)
band pass filter correct answers resonator that transmits acoustic energy in a range of frequencies between an upper and a lower cutoff frequency
fundamental frequency correct answers the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound, found by looking at the greatest common denominator of its component frequencies
bandwidth correct answers width (in Hz) of the filter's peak such that one-half of the acoustic energy in the filter is within the stated width
Real world examples of a source from the source filter model correct answers vocal cords/larynx
Difference between f0 and harmonics correct answers f0 is the fundamental frequency of a complex wave, the harmonics are multiples of the funamental
Quantal Regions correct answers regions of acoustic stability, stable areas where a change in articulation doesnt result in a change of acoustic output)
What is the relationship between formants and harmonics correct answers Harmonics: components of the voicing spectrum, mutiples of the fundamental frequency, come from the source
Formants: are the resonant frequencies of the filter, you can reconize the formants when looking at the different harmonics and where the harmonics form peaks, comes from the filter.
Helmholtz resonator correct answers resonant system in which the volume of air in the contriction oscillates like a piston in and out of the constriction
-back cavity closed, front cavity closed open
-contributes a low frequency called the Helmholtz resonance (usually F1)
nomogram correct answers ?
What is happening in Alvin Lucier's I Am Sitting in a Room and how it relates to spech production: what happens to the sound throughout the recording and why? correct answers Used two tape recorders, a microphone, and a speaker
Used acoustic properties of the room to make music Played his voice into the room recorded it and play it back into the room repeatedly Some noise continually attenuated(not resonant of
the room), some continually reinforced(resonant) Using the room as a filter(vocal tract)
Justify Fitch et al.'s claim that macaques have a potential phonetic space large enough to support vowel contrasts correct answers Using xray imaging Fitch et al. were able to contstruct a possible vocal tract outlines and from there estimated the resulting tubes and formants that a monkey vocal tract could make. After they used a spectogram of original speech spoken by a human with the source replaced with monkey grunt vocalization, then using this made a spectogram of synthesized version of the same phrase using the macaque voal tract and humans could distinguish the different monkey vowels using the ABX discriminations task, making a convincing argument that monkeys don't speak not because of vocal tract limitations but bc of neural limitations
Describe the difference between spectra and spectrograms correct answers Spectra: time is not represented, snapshot
Spectrograph: more time information, spectral changes over time, movie
Both: show similar frequency information
Wideband spectogram correct answers vertical striations, short amount of time, time specific,
can see vocal fold pulses,
*** fine time resolution but blurred frequency resolution
Benefits: vowel info bc easier to see formants
narrowband spectogram correct answers can see harmonic (horizontal striations)
***** blurred time resolution but fine frequency resolution
Benefits: pitch bc you can see all the harmonics
In the source filter theory of speech production, which of the followign corresponds to the source?
a. vocal tract
b. voicing waveform from the vocal folds
c. a tube closed on one end and open on the other correct answers b
In source-filter theory of speech production, which of the following corresponds to the filter?
a. the vocal tract
b. the voicing waveform from the vocal folds
c. the bandwidth correct answers a
Multiples of the fundamental frequency are called correct answers harmonics
What does the voicing waveform from the vocal folds sound like on its own, if the vocal tract
were not there?
a. a sine wave
b. a buzzing sound
c. the schwa vowel correct answers b
A sound wave is played into a closed tube. When a compression peak hits one of teh closed ends, it is
a. reflected as compression
b. reflected as rarfaction
c. no reflected, but absorbed inot the end of the tube correct answers a
A sound wave is played into a tube closed on one end and open on the other. When a compression peak hits the open end, it is
high pass filter correct answers passes energy above a designated lower cutoff frequency (blocks low, passes high)
low pass filter correct answers Attenuates high frequency energy but passes low frequency energy (blocks high, passes low)
band pass filter correct answers resonator that transmits acoustic energy in a range of frequencies between an upper and a lower cutoff frequency
fundamental frequency correct answers the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound, found by looking at the greatest common denominator of its component frequencies
bandwidth correct answers width (in Hz) of the filter's peak such that one-half of the acoustic energy in the filter is within the stated width
Real world examples of a source from the source filter model correct answers vocal cords/larynx
Difference between f0 and harmonics correct answers f0 is the fundamental frequency of a complex wave, the harmonics are multiples of the funamental
Quantal Regions correct answers regions of acoustic stability, stable areas where a change in articulation doesnt result in a change of acoustic output)
What is the relationship between formants and harmonics correct answers Harmonics: components of the voicing spectrum, mutiples of the fundamental frequency, come from the source
Formants: are the resonant frequencies of the filter, you can reconize the formants when looking at the different harmonics and where the harmonics form peaks, comes from the filter.
Helmholtz resonator correct answers resonant system in which the volume of air in the contriction oscillates like a piston in and out of the constriction
-back cavity closed, front cavity closed open
-contributes a low frequency called the Helmholtz resonance (usually F1)
nomogram correct answers ?
What is happening in Alvin Lucier's I Am Sitting in a Room and how it relates to spech production: what happens to the sound throughout the recording and why? correct answers Used two tape recorders, a microphone, and a speaker
Used acoustic properties of the room to make music Played his voice into the room recorded it and play it back into the room repeatedly Some noise continually attenuated(not resonant of
the room), some continually reinforced(resonant) Using the room as a filter(vocal tract)
Justify Fitch et al.'s claim that macaques have a potential phonetic space large enough to support vowel contrasts correct answers Using xray imaging Fitch et al. were able to contstruct a possible vocal tract outlines and from there estimated the resulting tubes and formants that a monkey vocal tract could make. After they used a spectogram of original speech spoken by a human with the source replaced with monkey grunt vocalization, then using this made a spectogram of synthesized version of the same phrase using the macaque voal tract and humans could distinguish the different monkey vowels using the ABX discriminations task, making a convincing argument that monkeys don't speak not because of vocal tract limitations but bc of neural limitations
Describe the difference between spectra and spectrograms correct answers Spectra: time is not represented, snapshot
Spectrograph: more time information, spectral changes over time, movie
Both: show similar frequency information
Wideband spectogram correct answers vertical striations, short amount of time, time specific,
can see vocal fold pulses,
*** fine time resolution but blurred frequency resolution
Benefits: vowel info bc easier to see formants
narrowband spectogram correct answers can see harmonic (horizontal striations)
***** blurred time resolution but fine frequency resolution
Benefits: pitch bc you can see all the harmonics
In the source filter theory of speech production, which of the followign corresponds to the source?
a. vocal tract
b. voicing waveform from the vocal folds
c. a tube closed on one end and open on the other correct answers b
In source-filter theory of speech production, which of the following corresponds to the filter?
a. the vocal tract
b. the voicing waveform from the vocal folds
c. the bandwidth correct answers a
Multiples of the fundamental frequency are called correct answers harmonics
What does the voicing waveform from the vocal folds sound like on its own, if the vocal tract
were not there?
a. a sine wave
b. a buzzing sound
c. the schwa vowel correct answers b
A sound wave is played into a closed tube. When a compression peak hits one of teh closed ends, it is
a. reflected as compression
b. reflected as rarfaction
c. no reflected, but absorbed inot the end of the tube correct answers a
A sound wave is played into a tube closed on one end and open on the other. When a compression peak hits the open end, it is
