Biology – Genetics Guaranteed Success

Biology – Genetics Guaranteed Success 1. Chromosomal Mutation - Definition: A chromosomal mutation refers to changes that occur either in the structure of a chromosome or in the number of chromosomes, which may result in the gain or loss of entire chromosomes. 2. Law of Dominance - Definition: The law of dominance states that some alleles are dominant over others, meaning that the phenotype associated with a dominant allele will be expressed in the presence of a recessive allele. 3. Carrier - Definition: A carrier is an individual who possesses a gene for a particular trait or disease but does not exhibit the associated phenotype. 4. Sex Chromosome - Definition: Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that determine the biological sex of an individual. 5. Genotype - Definition: The genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual, represented by combinations like gg, Gg, or GG. 6. Incomplete Dominance - Definition: Incomplete dominance occurs when a heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles. 7. DNA - Definition: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the macromolecule that contains the genetic instructions crucial for the development and functioning of organisms. 8. Homozygous - Definition: An individual is homozygous if they inherit the same alleles from both parents for a specific trait. 9. Law of Segregation - Definition: This law states that during meiosis, each gamete receives one copy from each pair of homologous chromosomes. 10. Chromosome - Definition: A chromosome is a condensed structure of genetic material that houses many genes. 11. Multiple Alleles - Definition: Multiple alleles refer to the existence of more than two variations of a gene, beyond just dominant and recessive types. 12. Phenotype - Definition: The phenotype is the observable physical expression or characteristics of an organism. 13. Dominant Allele - Definition: A dominant allele is one that prevails over another allele in a heterozygous pairing, overshadowing its effect. 14. Gene - Definition: A gene is a specific segment of DNA that codes for a single protein or functional product. 15. Heterozygous - Definition: An individual is heterozygous when they inherit two different alleles for a given trait from their parents. 16. Protein - Definition: Proteins are macromolecules that perform a variety of functions in the body, including expressing traits. 17. Karyotype - Definition: A karyotype is a visual representation or diagram showing the complete set of chromosomes in an organism. 18. Law of Independent Assortment - Definition: This law indicates that chromosomes align randomly during metaphase of meiosis, leading to various combinations of chromosomes being passed to offspring. 19. Sex-Linked Genes - Definition: Sex-linked genes are those that are located on the X chromosome. 20. Recessive Allele - Definition: A recessive allele is only expressed phenotypically when an individual inherits two copies of that allele (homozygous state). 21. Autosomes - Definition: Autosomes are chromosomes 1 through 44 in humans that are not involved in determining the sex of an individual. 22. Codominance - Definition: Codominance occurs when both alleles in a heterozygous genotype are fully and distinctly expressed in the phenotype. 23. Allele - Definition: An allele is a specific variant of a gene. 24. Polygenic Inheritance - Definition: Polygenic inheritance is when multiple genes influence a single trait.