NURS 5334 FINAL STUDY GUIDE
EXAM LATEST UPDATED
Key Elements of a Prescription: ANSWER 1) Prescriber Name
2) License Number.
3) Contact Information.
4) DEA number of the prescriber and supervisory physician.
5) Patient’s Name
6) Patient's DOB
7) Patients' Allergies
8) Name of the medication
9) Indication for Medication
10) Strength of the medication
11. Dosing Frequency
12) The number of tablets/capsules to dispense
13) The number of refills
14) SIG or directions for the prescription (for example, "Take one tablet by mouth
daily")
There are three main reasons for drug monitoring: 1) to determine therapeutic
dosage.
2) assessing drug adequacy: the expected effect is attained.
3) detecting unfavorable effects: the presence of patient harm.
,Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs travel through the body.
This includes medication metabolism and excretion.
Passage through the cell membrane
Absorption - The transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the
bloodstream.
The rate refers to how soon the effects begin.
Amount = how severe the effects will be.
The rate of absorption depends on the rate of dissolution.
Surface Area
Blood Flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Distribution - ANSWER Drug transport from blood to interstitial space and then
into cells
Metabolism - Answer: "Biotransformation"
Enzyme-mediated modification of drug structure
Excretion - ANSWER How medicines and metabolites leave the body
,Elimination - A mix of metabolism and excretion.
Drug Movement: ANSWER GI Tract/Site of
Administration-->Blood-->Liver/Kidney/Site of Action/Other
Sites-->Bile/Urine-->Outside of Body
Drugs can permeate the cell membrane in three ways: 1) via channels and pores.
2) Transport system (P-glycoprotein)
3) Direct membrane penetration is the most common.
P-glycoprotein is a transmembrane protein that transports a wide range of
medicines out of cells.
Liver to bile, kidney to urine, placenta to maternal blood, and brain to blood.
Drug passage across a barrier - ANSWER: "Like dissolves like"
Lipid-soluble drugs can pass through the cell membrane without assistance.
To cross from one side to the other, you must not be ionized.
Ions - ANSWER Drug will collect on the side, favoring ionization ("pH
partitioning or Ion trapping").
Acids (proton donors) ionize in basic/alkaline media, while bases (proton
accepters) ionize in acidic media.
, Quarternary ammonium compounds include at least one nitrogen atom and carry a
positive charge.
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption: ANSWER Rate of Dissolution
Surface Area
Blood flow
Lipid Solubility
pH Partitioning
Advantages of intravenous administration include immediate absorption and quick
onset.
Cons: Expensive, invasive, and inconvenient.
Routes of administration: intramuscular (IM) - ANSWER Advantages: Rapid
absorption with water-soluble medicines
The capillary membrane is easy to pass.
Allows usage of poorly soluble medicines.
Disadvantages: Not comfortable for the patient, inconvenient, risk of damage.
Routes of Administration: Subcutaneous (SQ) - Same as IM
Routes of Administration: Oral - ANSWER Advantages: Simple, readily available,
affordable
Disadvantages: Variability in dose, slow/variable absorption, partial inactivation by
gastric acid/enzymes, may produce nausea/vomiting; patient must be awake and
able to
EXAM LATEST UPDATED
Key Elements of a Prescription: ANSWER 1) Prescriber Name
2) License Number.
3) Contact Information.
4) DEA number of the prescriber and supervisory physician.
5) Patient’s Name
6) Patient's DOB
7) Patients' Allergies
8) Name of the medication
9) Indication for Medication
10) Strength of the medication
11. Dosing Frequency
12) The number of tablets/capsules to dispense
13) The number of refills
14) SIG or directions for the prescription (for example, "Take one tablet by mouth
daily")
There are three main reasons for drug monitoring: 1) to determine therapeutic
dosage.
2) assessing drug adequacy: the expected effect is attained.
3) detecting unfavorable effects: the presence of patient harm.
,Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs travel through the body.
This includes medication metabolism and excretion.
Passage through the cell membrane
Absorption - The transfer of a drug from the site of administration to the
bloodstream.
The rate refers to how soon the effects begin.
Amount = how severe the effects will be.
The rate of absorption depends on the rate of dissolution.
Surface Area
Blood Flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Distribution - ANSWER Drug transport from blood to interstitial space and then
into cells
Metabolism - Answer: "Biotransformation"
Enzyme-mediated modification of drug structure
Excretion - ANSWER How medicines and metabolites leave the body
,Elimination - A mix of metabolism and excretion.
Drug Movement: ANSWER GI Tract/Site of
Administration-->Blood-->Liver/Kidney/Site of Action/Other
Sites-->Bile/Urine-->Outside of Body
Drugs can permeate the cell membrane in three ways: 1) via channels and pores.
2) Transport system (P-glycoprotein)
3) Direct membrane penetration is the most common.
P-glycoprotein is a transmembrane protein that transports a wide range of
medicines out of cells.
Liver to bile, kidney to urine, placenta to maternal blood, and brain to blood.
Drug passage across a barrier - ANSWER: "Like dissolves like"
Lipid-soluble drugs can pass through the cell membrane without assistance.
To cross from one side to the other, you must not be ionized.
Ions - ANSWER Drug will collect on the side, favoring ionization ("pH
partitioning or Ion trapping").
Acids (proton donors) ionize in basic/alkaline media, while bases (proton
accepters) ionize in acidic media.
, Quarternary ammonium compounds include at least one nitrogen atom and carry a
positive charge.
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption: ANSWER Rate of Dissolution
Surface Area
Blood flow
Lipid Solubility
pH Partitioning
Advantages of intravenous administration include immediate absorption and quick
onset.
Cons: Expensive, invasive, and inconvenient.
Routes of administration: intramuscular (IM) - ANSWER Advantages: Rapid
absorption with water-soluble medicines
The capillary membrane is easy to pass.
Allows usage of poorly soluble medicines.
Disadvantages: Not comfortable for the patient, inconvenient, risk of damage.
Routes of Administration: Subcutaneous (SQ) - Same as IM
Routes of Administration: Oral - ANSWER Advantages: Simple, readily available,
affordable
Disadvantages: Variability in dose, slow/variable absorption, partial inactivation by
gastric acid/enzymes, may produce nausea/vomiting; patient must be awake and
able to
