CHSOS DICTIONARY TEST QUESTIONS
AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS
Mental Simulation - Answer-• Mentally rehearsing an action to enhance performance.
(Van Meer P., 2009). • Cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical
movement that can be used to learn cognitive, kinesthetic, psychomotor, or technical
skills. (Driskell, 1994 and Rao, 2015). • Activities that take place in the brain such as
"mental imagery, imagination, thought flow, narrative transportation, fantasizing, and
counterfactual thinking." These are "specific processes that occur in the brain when an
individual is mentally simulating an action or forming a mental image," or are "focused
on the consequences of mental simulation processes for affect, cognition, motivation,
and behavior" (Markman, Klein, & Suhr, 2009).
Mixed Reality (XR - Answer-A category that encompasses the hybrid combination of
virtual reality environments and reality (e.g., real environment, standardized patient,
normal manikin simulator). Often encompasses the definition of Augmented Reality
(AR), but has more virtual features than typical AR. The blend of what is physically
present to what is 100% computer-generated is expressed in this continuum: Reality—
—— Augmented Reality——— Mixed Reality——— Virtual Reality (Hsieh and Lee,
2017). • A simulator that combines virtual and physical components (Robinson et al,
2014).
Mixed Reality Human - Answer-The use of a technology such as video, augmented
reality, or virtual reality in conjunction with a physical manikin to simulate a human.
(Costanza, Kunz, and Fjeld, 2009); for example, in team-based training, using TV
monitors in portrait mode with interactive videos as a stand-in for a real team member
(Palaganas, Maxworthy, Epps, & Mancini, 2015).
Mixed Simulation (Mixed Methods Simulation) - Answer-• The use of a variety of
different simulation modalities; this is differentiated from hybrid simulation in that it is not
characterized by the combining of one type of simulation to enhance another, but rather
the use of multiple types of simulation in the same scenario or place. For example, a
standardized patient (SP) and a mannequin are used in a scenario or a task trainer
paired with an SP for venipuncture, etc. (SSH).
Mobile Simulation/Mobile Simulator - Answer-A simulator that can be transported
relatively easily. Often refers to digital simulations with minimal equipment, without
manikins (Mladenovic et al, 2019).
Modality - Answer-• A term used to refer to the type(s) of simulation being used as part
of the simulation activity, for example, task trainers, manikinbased,
standardized/simulated patients, computer-based, virtual reality, and hybrid (SSH). • A
,selected type or types of simulation equipment, concept, or technique that constitutes a
method of simulation use (Rutherford-Hemming et all, 2019). • Broad description of the
simulation experience, consisting of one or more of the following: Computer- or Digital-
based simulation; Simulated Patient (SP); Simulated clinical immersion; Procedural
simulation (Chiniara et al, 2013). See also: SIMULATED/SYNTHETIC LEARN
Model (as in Modeling and Simulation) - Answer-• A representation of an object,
concept, event, or system; models can be physical models, computational models, or
theories of function (Sokolowski, 2011).
Modeling and Simulation (M&S) (also Modeling and Simulation) - Answer-The terms
modeling and simulation are often used interchangeably. • An academic discipline
focused on the study, development, and use of live, virtual, and constructive models,
including simulators, emulators, and prototypes to investigate, understand, or provide
data. • The use of models, including emulators, prototypes, simulators, and stimulators,
to develop data as a basis for making managerial or technical decisions.
Monte Carlo Simulation - Answer-A simulation in which random statistical sampling
techniques are employed such that the result determines estimates for unknown values
(Department of Defense Modeling and Simulation Glossary). • A mathematical model
using probability distributions to calculate the possible outcomes for a given choice of
action. Such a simulation involves many calculations and re-calculations to yield a
range of possible outcomes.
Moulage - Answer-The makeup and molds applied to humans or manikins used to
portray lesions, skin findings, bleeding, and traumatized areas (Levine et al). • The
application of makeup and molds to a human or simulator's limbs, chest, head, etc. to
provide elements of realism (such as blood, vomitus, open fractures, etc.) to the training
simulation. • Techniques used to simulate injury, disease, aging, and other physical
characteristics specific to a scenario; moulage supports the sensory perceptions of
participants and supports the fidelity of the simulation scenario through the use of
makeup, attachable artifacts (e.g. penetrating objects), and smells (INACSL, 2013).
Multidisciplinary - Answer-• The combining of professionals with different perspectives
to provide a wider understanding of a particular problem (Bray & Hawkins, 2008).
Multiple Modality (Multi-modal) Simulation - Answer-The use of multiple modalities of
simulation in the same simulation activity; differentiated from hybrid simulation in that it
is not characterized by the combining of one type of simulation to enhance another, but
rather the use of multiple types of simulation in the same scenario or place, e.g., SP and
manikin used in a scenario or a task trainer paired with an SP for venipunture, etc.
(SSH).• A mixture of textual, audio, and visual modes in combination with media and
materiality with the aim of enhancing the realism of the simulation encounter
(Lutkewitte).
,Negative Learning - Answer-"When stress among students occurs, and when
knowledge and abilities are not properly developed" (Dormann, Demerouti, & Bakker,
2017). • "The acquisition of erroneous conceptual and procedural knowledge and
understanding from unwarranted information, which leads to faulty mental models an
Never Event - Answer-A serious and costly" error "in the provision of healthcare
services that should never happen" (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS],
2006); an example is when the wrong body part is operated on (Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality [AHRQ], 2019; CMS, 2006). • The term has expanded to mean
other serious and most often, preventable errors (AHRQ, 2019). • In relation to
simulation-based education, avoidance of such errors is the basis for training and/or
assessment.
Non-technical Skills - Answer-• In the healthcare field, the skills of communication,
(patientprovider, team) leadership, teamwork, situational awareness, decision-making,
resource management, safe practice, adverse event minimization/mitigation, and
professionalism; also known as behavioral skills or teamwork skills (ASSH). •
Interpersonal skills that include: communication skills; leadership skills; teamwork skills;
decision-making skills; and situationawareness skills (Australian Radiation Protection
and Nuclear Safety Agency, n.d.) • Social, cognitive and personal skills that can
enhance the way you or your staff carry out technical skills, tasks, and procedures. By
developing these skills, people in safety-critical roles can learn how to deal with a range
of different situations (Rail Safety and Standards Board, 2019). • Non-technical skills are
the cognitive (decision-making, situation awareness) and interpersonal (communication,
teamwork, leadership) skills that underpin technical proficiency, and are considered
particularly important for preventing errors. Non-technical skills include communication,
leadership and followership, decision-making, situation awareness, and
taskmanagement (Pires et al., 2017).
Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) - Answer-An approach to the
assessment of clinical or professional competence in which the components of
competence are assessed in a planned or structured way with attention being paid to
the objectivity of the examination (Harden, 1988). • A station or series of stations
designed to assess performance competency in individual clinical or other professional
skills. Learners are evaluated via direct observation, checklists, learner presentation, or
written follow-up exercises. The examinations may be formative and offer feedback or
summative and be used for making high stakes educational decisions (Lewis et al,
2017). • A method of assessment where learners perform specific skills and behaviors
in a simulated work environment.
Online Simulation - Answer-Interactive simulation experience offered through an online
platform that connects participants with other learners in a virtual world to complete
assessment, diagnosis, and treatment tasks for virtual patients (Dikshit et al., 2005; Duff
et al., 2016). • Online, often multiplayer, simulation exercises involving care for a single
patient or multiple patients. Often utilizes gamification concepts to engage and
incentivize learners (Evans et al., 2015; Kusumoto et al., 2007).
, Operations Specialist - Answer-An individual whose primary role is the implementation
and delivery of a simulation activity through the application of simulation technologies
such as, computers, audio-visual (AV), or networking technologies. • An inclusive
"umbrella" term that embodies many different roles within health care simulation
operations, including simulation technician, simulation technology specialist, simulation
specialist, simulation coordinator, and simulation AV specialist. While many of these
individuals also design simulation activities, this term refers to the functional role related
to the implementation of the simulation activities (SSH).
Orientation - Answer-• The process of giving participants information prior to a
simulation event to familiarize them with a simulation activity or environment, such as
center rules, timing, and how the simulation modalities work, with the intent of preparing
the participants. • An activity that occurs prior to a simulation activity in order to prepare
the faculty/instructors or learners; for example, a PowerPoint presentation that all
participants must review to understand how the center operates, or how the activity is
being conducted.
Actor - Answer-In health care simulation, professional and/or amateur people trained to
reproduce the components of real clinical experience, especially involving
communication between health professionals and patients or colleagues (Australian
Society for Simulation in Healthcare).
Advocacy and Inquiry - Answer-• A method of debriefing in which an observer states
what was observed or performed in a simulation activity (advocacy) or shares critical or
appreciative insights about it explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an
explanation of their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
• Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel; whereas advocacy
includes statements that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or feels
(Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Advocacy and Inquiry - Answer-A method of debriefing in which an observer states what
was observed or performed in a simulation activity (advocacy) or shares critical or
appreciative insights about it explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an
explanation of their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
• Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel; whereas advocacy
includes statements that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or feels
(Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Alpha and Beta Testing - Answer-• Alpha- early testing of a product by the developers
or programmers, but not by potential users. The purpose of alpha-testing is to find and
resolve as many 'bugs' or problems in the software that were unanticipated during the
design and development. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
• Beta - early testing of a software, program, simulation, or game, by potential users.
The purpose of beta-testing is identical to alpha-testing. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS
Mental Simulation - Answer-• Mentally rehearsing an action to enhance performance.
(Van Meer P., 2009). • Cognitive rehearsal of a task in the absence of overt physical
movement that can be used to learn cognitive, kinesthetic, psychomotor, or technical
skills. (Driskell, 1994 and Rao, 2015). • Activities that take place in the brain such as
"mental imagery, imagination, thought flow, narrative transportation, fantasizing, and
counterfactual thinking." These are "specific processes that occur in the brain when an
individual is mentally simulating an action or forming a mental image," or are "focused
on the consequences of mental simulation processes for affect, cognition, motivation,
and behavior" (Markman, Klein, & Suhr, 2009).
Mixed Reality (XR - Answer-A category that encompasses the hybrid combination of
virtual reality environments and reality (e.g., real environment, standardized patient,
normal manikin simulator). Often encompasses the definition of Augmented Reality
(AR), but has more virtual features than typical AR. The blend of what is physically
present to what is 100% computer-generated is expressed in this continuum: Reality—
—— Augmented Reality——— Mixed Reality——— Virtual Reality (Hsieh and Lee,
2017). • A simulator that combines virtual and physical components (Robinson et al,
2014).
Mixed Reality Human - Answer-The use of a technology such as video, augmented
reality, or virtual reality in conjunction with a physical manikin to simulate a human.
(Costanza, Kunz, and Fjeld, 2009); for example, in team-based training, using TV
monitors in portrait mode with interactive videos as a stand-in for a real team member
(Palaganas, Maxworthy, Epps, & Mancini, 2015).
Mixed Simulation (Mixed Methods Simulation) - Answer-• The use of a variety of
different simulation modalities; this is differentiated from hybrid simulation in that it is not
characterized by the combining of one type of simulation to enhance another, but rather
the use of multiple types of simulation in the same scenario or place. For example, a
standardized patient (SP) and a mannequin are used in a scenario or a task trainer
paired with an SP for venipuncture, etc. (SSH).
Mobile Simulation/Mobile Simulator - Answer-A simulator that can be transported
relatively easily. Often refers to digital simulations with minimal equipment, without
manikins (Mladenovic et al, 2019).
Modality - Answer-• A term used to refer to the type(s) of simulation being used as part
of the simulation activity, for example, task trainers, manikinbased,
standardized/simulated patients, computer-based, virtual reality, and hybrid (SSH). • A
,selected type or types of simulation equipment, concept, or technique that constitutes a
method of simulation use (Rutherford-Hemming et all, 2019). • Broad description of the
simulation experience, consisting of one or more of the following: Computer- or Digital-
based simulation; Simulated Patient (SP); Simulated clinical immersion; Procedural
simulation (Chiniara et al, 2013). See also: SIMULATED/SYNTHETIC LEARN
Model (as in Modeling and Simulation) - Answer-• A representation of an object,
concept, event, or system; models can be physical models, computational models, or
theories of function (Sokolowski, 2011).
Modeling and Simulation (M&S) (also Modeling and Simulation) - Answer-The terms
modeling and simulation are often used interchangeably. • An academic discipline
focused on the study, development, and use of live, virtual, and constructive models,
including simulators, emulators, and prototypes to investigate, understand, or provide
data. • The use of models, including emulators, prototypes, simulators, and stimulators,
to develop data as a basis for making managerial or technical decisions.
Monte Carlo Simulation - Answer-A simulation in which random statistical sampling
techniques are employed such that the result determines estimates for unknown values
(Department of Defense Modeling and Simulation Glossary). • A mathematical model
using probability distributions to calculate the possible outcomes for a given choice of
action. Such a simulation involves many calculations and re-calculations to yield a
range of possible outcomes.
Moulage - Answer-The makeup and molds applied to humans or manikins used to
portray lesions, skin findings, bleeding, and traumatized areas (Levine et al). • The
application of makeup and molds to a human or simulator's limbs, chest, head, etc. to
provide elements of realism (such as blood, vomitus, open fractures, etc.) to the training
simulation. • Techniques used to simulate injury, disease, aging, and other physical
characteristics specific to a scenario; moulage supports the sensory perceptions of
participants and supports the fidelity of the simulation scenario through the use of
makeup, attachable artifacts (e.g. penetrating objects), and smells (INACSL, 2013).
Multidisciplinary - Answer-• The combining of professionals with different perspectives
to provide a wider understanding of a particular problem (Bray & Hawkins, 2008).
Multiple Modality (Multi-modal) Simulation - Answer-The use of multiple modalities of
simulation in the same simulation activity; differentiated from hybrid simulation in that it
is not characterized by the combining of one type of simulation to enhance another, but
rather the use of multiple types of simulation in the same scenario or place, e.g., SP and
manikin used in a scenario or a task trainer paired with an SP for venipunture, etc.
(SSH).• A mixture of textual, audio, and visual modes in combination with media and
materiality with the aim of enhancing the realism of the simulation encounter
(Lutkewitte).
,Negative Learning - Answer-"When stress among students occurs, and when
knowledge and abilities are not properly developed" (Dormann, Demerouti, & Bakker,
2017). • "The acquisition of erroneous conceptual and procedural knowledge and
understanding from unwarranted information, which leads to faulty mental models an
Never Event - Answer-A serious and costly" error "in the provision of healthcare
services that should never happen" (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services [CMS],
2006); an example is when the wrong body part is operated on (Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality [AHRQ], 2019; CMS, 2006). • The term has expanded to mean
other serious and most often, preventable errors (AHRQ, 2019). • In relation to
simulation-based education, avoidance of such errors is the basis for training and/or
assessment.
Non-technical Skills - Answer-• In the healthcare field, the skills of communication,
(patientprovider, team) leadership, teamwork, situational awareness, decision-making,
resource management, safe practice, adverse event minimization/mitigation, and
professionalism; also known as behavioral skills or teamwork skills (ASSH). •
Interpersonal skills that include: communication skills; leadership skills; teamwork skills;
decision-making skills; and situationawareness skills (Australian Radiation Protection
and Nuclear Safety Agency, n.d.) • Social, cognitive and personal skills that can
enhance the way you or your staff carry out technical skills, tasks, and procedures. By
developing these skills, people in safety-critical roles can learn how to deal with a range
of different situations (Rail Safety and Standards Board, 2019). • Non-technical skills are
the cognitive (decision-making, situation awareness) and interpersonal (communication,
teamwork, leadership) skills that underpin technical proficiency, and are considered
particularly important for preventing errors. Non-technical skills include communication,
leadership and followership, decision-making, situation awareness, and
taskmanagement (Pires et al., 2017).
Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) - Answer-An approach to the
assessment of clinical or professional competence in which the components of
competence are assessed in a planned or structured way with attention being paid to
the objectivity of the examination (Harden, 1988). • A station or series of stations
designed to assess performance competency in individual clinical or other professional
skills. Learners are evaluated via direct observation, checklists, learner presentation, or
written follow-up exercises. The examinations may be formative and offer feedback or
summative and be used for making high stakes educational decisions (Lewis et al,
2017). • A method of assessment where learners perform specific skills and behaviors
in a simulated work environment.
Online Simulation - Answer-Interactive simulation experience offered through an online
platform that connects participants with other learners in a virtual world to complete
assessment, diagnosis, and treatment tasks for virtual patients (Dikshit et al., 2005; Duff
et al., 2016). • Online, often multiplayer, simulation exercises involving care for a single
patient or multiple patients. Often utilizes gamification concepts to engage and
incentivize learners (Evans et al., 2015; Kusumoto et al., 2007).
, Operations Specialist - Answer-An individual whose primary role is the implementation
and delivery of a simulation activity through the application of simulation technologies
such as, computers, audio-visual (AV), or networking technologies. • An inclusive
"umbrella" term that embodies many different roles within health care simulation
operations, including simulation technician, simulation technology specialist, simulation
specialist, simulation coordinator, and simulation AV specialist. While many of these
individuals also design simulation activities, this term refers to the functional role related
to the implementation of the simulation activities (SSH).
Orientation - Answer-• The process of giving participants information prior to a
simulation event to familiarize them with a simulation activity or environment, such as
center rules, timing, and how the simulation modalities work, with the intent of preparing
the participants. • An activity that occurs prior to a simulation activity in order to prepare
the faculty/instructors or learners; for example, a PowerPoint presentation that all
participants must review to understand how the center operates, or how the activity is
being conducted.
Actor - Answer-In health care simulation, professional and/or amateur people trained to
reproduce the components of real clinical experience, especially involving
communication between health professionals and patients or colleagues (Australian
Society for Simulation in Healthcare).
Advocacy and Inquiry - Answer-• A method of debriefing in which an observer states
what was observed or performed in a simulation activity (advocacy) or shares critical or
appreciative insights about it explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an
explanation of their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
• Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel; whereas advocacy
includes statements that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or feels
(Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Advocacy and Inquiry - Answer-A method of debriefing in which an observer states what
was observed or performed in a simulation activity (advocacy) or shares critical or
appreciative insights about it explicitly (advocacy) and then asks the learners for an
explanation of their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
• Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel; whereas advocacy
includes statements that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or feels
(Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Alpha and Beta Testing - Answer-• Alpha- early testing of a product by the developers
or programmers, but not by potential users. The purpose of alpha-testing is to find and
resolve as many 'bugs' or problems in the software that were unanticipated during the
design and development. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
• Beta - early testing of a software, program, simulation, or game, by potential users.
The purpose of beta-testing is identical to alpha-testing. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
