concurrent validity - indicator must be associated with a preexisting indicator that is judged to be
valid
4 types of reliability - - stability: reliability across time ( E.G. test - retest method, parallel forms
method)
- representative reliability
- internal consistency reliability (split ha...
conceptualization - the process by which we identify what we mean by a concept.- the product is
a specific, agreed upon meaning for a concept
concept - construct derived by mutual agreement from mental images (conceptions)
operationalization - the process of developing an operational definition
operational definition - definition in terms of specific operations, measurement instruments, or
procedures
reliability - requires that the indicator gives the same result each time the same thing is measured
Heisenberg principle - The idea that the system and practice of measurement exerts a
psychological influence on the people being measured, and thereby affects operating results.
how to improve reliability - - conceptualize clearly
- increase the level of measurement
- use multiple indicators
, - use pretests and pilot studies
- use established measures
- training of research workers/ interviewers
Hierarchy Rule - the most serious crime is the only crime reported. UCR
validity - measures the extent to which the measure actually reflects the real meaning of the
concept it is supposed to measure ( we can never be sure about validity, but we can identify measures
that are more valid than others)
Types of validity - - face validity
- criterion related validity
- concurrent validity
- predictive validity
- convergent validity
- construct validity
face validity - does the measure make sense?
criterion related validity - compare the results of the measure to some trustworthy alternative
measure
predictive validity - where an indicator predicts future events that are logically related to a
construct
convergent validity - do all of the indicators operate in a similar fashion?
construct validity - based on the logical relationships among variables
threats to internal validity - history
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