psych 203 exam 4 / Final || very Flawless.
Siva is investigating an association claim between political beliefs and age. His data show a
correlation of r = .35. However, upon closer examination, Siva finds that the correlation is much
stronger for men than it is for women.
What type of variable is gender is this example? correct answers modertator: The association
between political beliefs and age depends on the variable gender, so gender is a moderator.
Moderators add nuance to association claims without challenging their internal validity
An association claim with _________ variables can be examined with a _______ correlation, and
the results of the test have two primary components. correct answers bivariate, two
The first component tells you whether the association is positive or negative; it is referred to as
______________. The second component tells you how closely the variables are associated; it is
referred to as ________. correct answers direction . strength
The term ________ describes the strength of an association between variables, and in
correlations it is typically captured by a(n) ________. The precision of the correlation estimate is
captured by a(n) __________. correct answers effect size, r- value, 95% CI
A recent study with 3,000 participants reported a fairly powerful negative correlation between
the number of class absences by college students and their GPAs. According to recent guidelines
for interpreting the magnitude of effect sizes, what r value was most likely to have been reported
in this study? correct answers -30
scatter plolt of bar graph?
Is length of experience linked to salary? correct answers scatter
scatter plot of bar graph
Is time spent using social media associated with feelings of jealously? correct answers scatter
scatter plot of bar graph ?
Is job title linked to salary? correct answers bar
scatter plot of bar graph ?
Is age associated with number of hours of sleep? correct answers scatter
scatter plot of bar graph ?
Is type of social media platform associated with feelings of jealously? correct answers sctter
________________ occurs when all possible scores on a variable are not present, which can
often inaccurately decrease an effect size. correct answers Restriction of range
A(n) _______________ is when a set of data is not well represented by a straight line and can
result in a zero effect size. correct answers curvilinear relationship
, In association research, when the relationship between two variables changes depending on the
level of a third variable, the third variable is called a(n) _________________. This type of
variable can help establish ___________. correct answers moderator, external validity
Dr. Kahue wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. In
his first study, he selects American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic
Games for his sample. Based on this sample, Dr. Kahue finds no relationship between BMI and
depression. Dr. Kahue should be concerned with ________________ in his first study. correct
answers restriction of range
In his second study, Dr. Kahue selects college students for a sample to examine the same
question. He finds no relationship between BMI and depression. However, he notices that
students with very low BMI and students with very high BMI had higher levels of depressed
mood, but levels of depressed mood in students with moderate BMI were quite low. Dr. Kahue
should be concerned with a________________ in his second study. correct answers curvilinear
association
When is an outlier most likely to be problematic? correct answers when the sample size is small
and is extreme on both variables
Wan notices that more graffiti appears when there are more ice cream trucks in town. She does a
study that measures the frequency of new graffiti being reported and ice cream truck sales for
each week over a year. She finds a positive association between ice cream truck sales and new
graffiti, and she concludes that the ice cream trucks are encouraging graffiti. Her friend, Zizi,
points out that both ice cream sales and graffiti might be influenced by rising temperatures
during the summer.
What kind of problem has Zizi identified? correct answers a Third variable problem
The Yerkes-Dodson law (1908) shows that performance increases with arousal up to a point, but
beyond that, performance decreases as arousal increases. Which type of association is thier?
correct answers curvilinear : ones goes up and then down and up again its a curve
A(n) _______________study is conducted over a longer period of time than a typical
correlational study to help establish _______________. correct answers logitudinal, temporal
precedence
A(n)_________________ considers more than two variables in the same analysis and can help
improve ________________ correct answers multiple-regression analysis. internal validity.
In a(n) ____________, two variables measured at the same time are associated correct answers
cross-sectional correlation: -sectional correlations measure two variables at only one time; they
therefore cannot establish temporal precedence
If an earlier measure of a variable is associated with a later measure of the same variable, a(n)
_______________ occurs. In a(n) _______________ an earlier measure of one variable is
associated with a later measure of a different variable. These three types of correlations are
Siva is investigating an association claim between political beliefs and age. His data show a
correlation of r = .35. However, upon closer examination, Siva finds that the correlation is much
stronger for men than it is for women.
What type of variable is gender is this example? correct answers modertator: The association
between political beliefs and age depends on the variable gender, so gender is a moderator.
Moderators add nuance to association claims without challenging their internal validity
An association claim with _________ variables can be examined with a _______ correlation, and
the results of the test have two primary components. correct answers bivariate, two
The first component tells you whether the association is positive or negative; it is referred to as
______________. The second component tells you how closely the variables are associated; it is
referred to as ________. correct answers direction . strength
The term ________ describes the strength of an association between variables, and in
correlations it is typically captured by a(n) ________. The precision of the correlation estimate is
captured by a(n) __________. correct answers effect size, r- value, 95% CI
A recent study with 3,000 participants reported a fairly powerful negative correlation between
the number of class absences by college students and their GPAs. According to recent guidelines
for interpreting the magnitude of effect sizes, what r value was most likely to have been reported
in this study? correct answers -30
scatter plolt of bar graph?
Is length of experience linked to salary? correct answers scatter
scatter plot of bar graph
Is time spent using social media associated with feelings of jealously? correct answers scatter
scatter plot of bar graph ?
Is job title linked to salary? correct answers bar
scatter plot of bar graph ?
Is age associated with number of hours of sleep? correct answers scatter
scatter plot of bar graph ?
Is type of social media platform associated with feelings of jealously? correct answers sctter
________________ occurs when all possible scores on a variable are not present, which can
often inaccurately decrease an effect size. correct answers Restriction of range
A(n) _______________ is when a set of data is not well represented by a straight line and can
result in a zero effect size. correct answers curvilinear relationship
, In association research, when the relationship between two variables changes depending on the
level of a third variable, the third variable is called a(n) _________________. This type of
variable can help establish ___________. correct answers moderator, external validity
Dr. Kahue wants to examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and depression. In
his first study, he selects American athletes who are currently training for the summer Olympic
Games for his sample. Based on this sample, Dr. Kahue finds no relationship between BMI and
depression. Dr. Kahue should be concerned with ________________ in his first study. correct
answers restriction of range
In his second study, Dr. Kahue selects college students for a sample to examine the same
question. He finds no relationship between BMI and depression. However, he notices that
students with very low BMI and students with very high BMI had higher levels of depressed
mood, but levels of depressed mood in students with moderate BMI were quite low. Dr. Kahue
should be concerned with a________________ in his second study. correct answers curvilinear
association
When is an outlier most likely to be problematic? correct answers when the sample size is small
and is extreme on both variables
Wan notices that more graffiti appears when there are more ice cream trucks in town. She does a
study that measures the frequency of new graffiti being reported and ice cream truck sales for
each week over a year. She finds a positive association between ice cream truck sales and new
graffiti, and she concludes that the ice cream trucks are encouraging graffiti. Her friend, Zizi,
points out that both ice cream sales and graffiti might be influenced by rising temperatures
during the summer.
What kind of problem has Zizi identified? correct answers a Third variable problem
The Yerkes-Dodson law (1908) shows that performance increases with arousal up to a point, but
beyond that, performance decreases as arousal increases. Which type of association is thier?
correct answers curvilinear : ones goes up and then down and up again its a curve
A(n) _______________study is conducted over a longer period of time than a typical
correlational study to help establish _______________. correct answers logitudinal, temporal
precedence
A(n)_________________ considers more than two variables in the same analysis and can help
improve ________________ correct answers multiple-regression analysis. internal validity.
In a(n) ____________, two variables measured at the same time are associated correct answers
cross-sectional correlation: -sectional correlations measure two variables at only one time; they
therefore cannot establish temporal precedence
If an earlier measure of a variable is associated with a later measure of the same variable, a(n)
_______________ occurs. In a(n) _______________ an earlier measure of one variable is
associated with a later measure of a different variable. These three types of correlations are
