MPS Final Exam Study Guide With Complete Correct Answers 100% Verified.

What is a suicide risk factor? - correct answer §Characteristics of a person or their environment that increase the likelihood that they will die by suicide -health, environmental, historical What is a protective factor? - correct answer .§Characteristics that reduce the likelihood of attempting or dying by suicide -coping skills, loved ones, purpose and meaning, cultural beliefs Suicide is made up of? - correct answer Interconnected factors; not one single cause How do we know suicide is a multifactor concept? - correct answer Psychological autopsies Suicide notes Interviews with persons who attempted suicide Postmortem studies What are biological factors of suicide? - correct answer Genetics (predisposition) Chemical processes (neurons) Brain structure (trauma to the brain) What is personality and how is it formed? - correct answer Personality is a set of traits Developed from: learned experiences (caregivers' interaction) Genetically influenced traits (temperament) What is temperament and how does it form? How does temperament affect suicide? - correct answer Temperament is how people interact We are born with it and it develops over time Helps to determine how you react in situations Different kinds of temperament Temperament can increase suicidal behavior What are two kinds of temperament? - correct answer ***Depressive/Withdrawn temperament -Hopeless -Isolation ***Impulsive/Aggressive temperament -Difficulty controlling emptions -Risky behaviors -Make quick decisions How is temperament connected to biological perspective? - correct answer Temperament is associated with genes that control the production of neurotransmitters --Chemical messengers in the brain and nervous system --Connect to substances that control mood regulation (serotonin) The connection can influence moods Depressed temperament = increase risk for depression = poor coping skills = isolation How is genetic makeup connected to suicide? - correct answer Children with biological parents who die by suicide are at an increased risk for suicide or suicide behavior Even in adopted children's cases Research with twins also reports a genetic link Genetically identical twin attempted suicide, his/her co-twin has a 17.5-fold increased risk of having made an attempt as well Research is not sure of what genes contribute to suicide Many researchers think its not a gene or set of gene but rather it is What is being transmitted is the likelihood of developing a specific mental illness (depression) or a specific temperament (depressive mood) What is the fight or flight response and how does it influence suicide? - correct answer a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival Body's stress response systems can also influence suicide or suicidal behaviors (fight or flight) What is another term for fight or flight? - correct answer hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) What does the HPA do? - correct answer helps the body handle stress The stress can be Actual Anticipated Give the responses to be able to handle stress Energy Eyesight Alertness Increasing oxygen flow to the muscles Helps to manage stress over time Can the HPA system be sustained for a long period of time? - correct answer No it can't be sustained for long periods of time without leading to illness Not meant for consistent stress What happens? The person is stressed more easily Can't manage the stress Effects brain structure the part of the brain that deals with planning and socializing What does an autopsy show that people who died by suicide have? - correct answer Elevated cortisol levels and enlarged adrenal glands suggesting that their bodies were experiencing extreme stress. Some research suggests that increased cortisol levels effect mood regulation (increase mental illness - depression) People who die by suicide have lower serotonin levels (depression) What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) - correct answer CTE is a degenerative brain disease Found in athletes, military veterans, and others with a history of repetitive brain trauma In CTE, a protein called Tau forms clumps that slowly spread throughout the brain It then kills brain cells CTE has been seen in people as young as 17, but symptoms do not generally begin appearing until years after the onset of head impactsterm-15 What causes CTE? - correct answer traumatic brain injuries (TBI) "mild" (i.e., a brief change in mental status or consciousness) to "severe" (i.e., an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia after the injury). Affects Thinking (memory) Sensation (balance and sight) Emotion (depression, anxiety, aggression) TBI's are linked to CTE Repeated hits to the head Forceful hits to the head Boxing Football First discovered by Bennet Omalu, MD Autopsy on Mike Webster (Football player) "Concussion" In boxing, it was first thought that CTE was more common with how many times the boxer was knocked out Research now says it's a matter of how many rounds Even if you don't get knocked out, the repeated blows can cause CTE When is CTE most likely to occur? - correct answer CTE most likely to occur after a large amount of traumatic brain injuries (blows to the head with a concussion or without) A diagnosis is made after death in an autopsy No treatment or cure Expect to prevent hits to the head What are symptoms of CTE? - correct answer Just in the beginning phases of research Can appear like Alzheimer's or Parkinson Disease (loss of brain cells) And cause: Memory loss Confusion Personality changes (depression and suicidal thoughts) Erratic behavior (aggression) Problems paying attention and organizing thoughts Balance and motor skill issues Stages of CTE - correct answer Stage I headaches loss of attention and concentration. Stage II depression or mood swings Explosivity short term memory loss Stage III Memory loss Explosivity Difficulty with attention and concentration Depression or mood swings, Aggression Impulsivity Suicidality Stage IV Severe memory loss Profound loss of attention and concentration Explosivity, aggressive tendencies, paranoia, depression What does research about CTE say? - correct answer Nearly 6% of athletes were found to have the CTE More common in athletes More common in football players What do psychological factors have to do with? - correct answer Cognition (thoughts) Feelings (emotions) Behavior (actions) Psychological risk factors? - correct answer Past suicide attempt (action) Hopelessness (feeling) Sadness (feeling) Poor coping skills (action) Low self-worth/purpose (cognition) What is psychache pain theory? - correct answer Created by Edwin Shneidman Suicide as a psychological pain Called it "psychache," "intolerable emotion, unbearable pain, unacceptable anguish." What is psychache? - correct answer Psychache is intolerable emotion, unbearable pain, unacceptable anguish What is press? - correct answer stress a person is under what is perturbation? - correct answer ¤causes one to feel like doing something to alleviate the pain What are the Ten Commonalities of Suicide and who established them - correct answer Shneidman said that: ¨(1) the common purpose of suicide (to seek a solution); ¤A way to stop unbearable pain ¨(2) the common goal of suicide (cessation of consciousness); ¤End of consciousness will stop the unbearable pain ¨(3) the common stimulus (psychological pain);