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BRS PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED 2024/2025
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BRS PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED 2024/2025 During thyroid hormone synthesis, how is iodide transported into the cell? I pump or Na-I cotransport These transporters actively transport iodine into the cell Inhibited by thiocynate and perchlorate anions How are adren...

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  • November 14, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • brs physiology exam questions with complete soluti

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BRS PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE

SOLUTIONS VERIFIED 2024/2025


During thyroid hormone synthesis, how is iodide transported into the cell?

I pump or Na-I cotransport These transporters actively transport iodine into the cell

Inhibited by thiocynate and perchlorate anions

How are adrenal androgens excreted?

Lost as 17-ketosteroids in the urine

How are estrogens produced?

The A ring of testosterone is oxidized (aromatization) This occurs in the ovaries and

placenta, but not in the adrenal cortex or testes

How are protein and peptide hormones synthesized?

Preprohormone synthesis occurs in the ER The signal peptide is cleaves to give the

prohormone The prohormone trafficks to the Golgi Additional proteolytic cleavages

occur to give the mature hormone The hormone is packaged into secretory granules for

later use

How are the endocrine cells of the pancreas organized within the pancreas?

Beta cells -- center of the islet Alpha cells -- periphery of the islet Delta cells -- scattered

throughout

How are the posterior pituitary hormones made?

,They are synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei and packaged into secretory granules with

their respective neurophysins Travel down the nerve axons for secretion by the

posterior pituitary

How are thyroid hormones produced?

Thyroglobulin is synthesized from tyrosine in the thyroid follicular cells It is then

packaged into secretory vesicles and exocytosed into the follicular lumen Iodide is

transported into the follicular cells and oxidized to iodine Tyrosine residues of

thyroglobulin react with I2 to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) Two

molecules of DIT combine to form thyroxine (T4) One molecule each of DIT and MIT

combine to form triiodothyronine (T3) Iodinated thyroglobulin is stored as colloid in the

follicular lumen until needed When the cells are stimulated by TSH, colloid is

endocytosed into the follicular cells Lysosomal enzymes digest thyroglobulin to release

T3 and T4 into circulation Leftover MIT and DIT are deiodinated and the iodine is

recycled In the circulation, T3 and T4 is usually bound to thyroxine-binding globulin

(TBG)

How can neonatal hypothyroidism-associated mental retardation be avoided?

Hormone replacement therapy There is only a narrow window when this is effective, so

screening for neonatal hypothyroidism is both necessary and mandatory

How could diabetes produce hypotension?

Hyperglycemia causes the blood glucose concentration to exceed the Tm of the kidney

Unabsorbed glucose acts as an osmotic diuretic in the urine Causes excess water to be

lost in the urine, resulting in ECF volume contraction

How could diabetes produce metabolic acidosis?

,Overproduction of ketoacids Patients will increase their ventilation rate in order to

compensate

How do accessory sex organs synthesize DHT?

They contain 5a-reductase This converts testosterone to its active form, DHT

How do dilation of the cervix and orgasm regulate oxytocin production?

They both stimulate secretion

How do excitatory hormones work?

Increase the number or affinity of receptors for itself or other hormones

How do glucocorticoids contribute to the maintenance of vascular response to

catecholamines?

Cortisol upregulates alpha1 adrenergic receptors on arterioles This increases their

sensitivity to norepinephrine

How do glucocorticoids mediate anti-inflammatory effects?

Induce lipocortin synthesis, which inhibits phospholipase A2 Recall that PLA2 liberates

arachidonic acid, a precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes, from membrane

phospholipids They also inhibit histamine and serotonin degranulation in mast cells and

platelets

How do glucocorticoids stimulate gluconeogenesis?

Increase protein catabolism in the muscle Decrease protein synthesis (these two things

provide amino acids for gluconeogenesis) Decrease glycolysis Decrease insulin

sensitivity of adipose tissue Increase lipolysis, which provides glycerol to the liver for

gluconeogenesis

How do glucocorticoids suppress the immune system?

, Inhibit the production of IL2 Inhibit T cell proliferation These are both important in

cellular (T cell-mediated) immunity

How do hormones determine the sensitivity of a target tissue?

They regulate the number or sensitivity of receptors

How do inhibitory hormones work?

They decrease the number or affinity of receptors for itself or another hormone

How do people with ACTH-secreting tumors of the anterior pituitary respond to

the dexamethasone suppression test?

Low doses have no effect High doses inhibit cortisol secretion This is because you are

reducing the stimulus (ACTH) for cortisol production

How do people with adrenal cortical tumors respond to the dexamethasone

suppression test?

Not even a high dose inhibits cortisol secretion This is because the cells have lost

responsiveness to ACTH and just churn out cortisol

How do sulfonylurea drugs work?

Similar to ATP, these drugs close ATP-gated K channels This causes pancreatic beta

cells to depolarize Ca influx triggers insulin exocytosis

How do the Sertoli cells inhibit FSH secretion?

After being stimulated by FSH, they produce inhibin, which inhibits further FSH

secretion

How do the symptoms of secondary adrenocortical deficiency differ from those of

Addison's disease?

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