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Summary CIE AS-Level Psychology (9990)
Notes required for CIE AS-Level Psychology (9990) for the latest syllabus.
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NOTES FOR AS-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY(2024-2026)
Milgram - Obedience:
- Psychology + Background: Social Psychology, Conducted at Yale
University, Some people have traits that make them more willing to
obey to authority even if it’s morally wrong
- Aims: The extent to which participants would obey authority,
even if it’s morally wrong
- Samplings: 40 men, Between 20 to 50 years old
- Independent Variables: Prods given or Series of Orders (Verbal
encouragement)
- Dependent Variables: Compliance (How much participants listen to
instructions)
- Other Variables: Sequence of Prods given (at a certain order)
- Methodology Design: Advertised using newspapers (Volunteer
sampling), Controlled Observation, Observed and Notable
Actions Recorded,
- Procedure: Participant told Memory and Learning experiment with
word recognition -> Actor strapped to a chair with electrodes ->
Participant introduced to 15-450V Shock Generator -> Instructed
to perform ‘memory tasks’, read words and test the learner
(actor) on word recognition -> If learner (actor) got it wrong,
participants shocked them by every 15V increase from 15V ->
Learner banged on wall and protest after 300V -> Participants told
Continue the shocks with each Prod -> If the participant
protested after the 4th Prod, the study has been stopped
- Ethical Issues: Deception, Lack of protection, Interference with
Right to Withdraw due to continuous pressure from the
experimenter even after telling the participants they can stop
- Results: 15-450V Scale, 5 people on Intense 255-300V, 8 people
on Extreme 315-360V, 1 people on Severe 375-420V, 26 people
, on XX 435-450V (100% for the % of participants who pressed at
least the 300V switch)
- Conclusions: Far more obedient to authority than expected,
Committing destructive acts under authority is stressful due to
doing 2 things: Obeying authority and avoid harming other people
- Strengths: Controlled Observation meaning it can control
extraneous variables, Reliable due to standardized procedure, Age
Generalizable due to Diversified Age and Background, Validity of
Design due to realistic acting and example of shock given to
participants, Quantitative Data due to shocks delivered and
obedience correlation, Qualitative Data due to noting down
participants’ reactions, Location / Lab experiment (Low ecological
validity) as it was in Yale University
- Weaknesses: Paid $4.50 to participants and told it was simply for
the laboratory & they could keep it, Only men (Low gender
generalizability), Participants came from same local area (Low
generalizability)
,Andrade - Doodling:
- Psychology + Background: Cognitive Psychology, Based on
observations that people would often daydream when given a
mundane task, Research shows that people are less likely to
daydream AND help in concentration when doodling, Further
research shows that two attention-demanding tasks reduce
quality of performance and productivity, Contrary studies suggest
that it increases performance and aids concentration, Effects of
boredom on processing have been overlooked
- Aims: If participants could attentively monitor the call, How
doodling affects level of concentration, Does doodling serve any
purpose to performing a boring task
- Samplings: Convenience Sampling, 40 participants, Primarily
Women between 18-55 years old, 20 people in both experimental
and control groups; 18F & 2M in CG, 17F & 3M in EG, Paid after the
study
- Independent Variables: Whether they doodled or not
- Dependent Variables: Mishearings, Participant reactions to 2
tasks to measure memory and recall
- Methodology Design: Lab experiment
- Procedure: Participants listen at a comfortable volume to a 2.5
minute telephone call -> Call mentions 8 names attending party, 3
people and 1 cat who can’t attend -> CG did not receive anything
specific to doodling, EG received A4 paper with shapes and
margin for noting response -> Informed that they were being
tested on people names as a monitoring task, but also got
quizzed on place names as a recall task -> Mishearings are
considered correct for the DVs, -> All were tested on recalling names
of party-goers and an apology from the experimenter for misleading
them
- Ethical Issues: Study was nonconsensual
, - Results: CG no doodle, EG’s average number of doodle shapes
were 36.3%, EG has 29% more precise information than CG, EG
recalled a mean of 7.5 names and places, CG recalled 5.8
- Conclusions: Doodling has a favourable effect on memory recall
in mundane tasks, Improves concentration, Enhanced memory
and Magnified attention so both tasks were performed better by
those doodling participants, Generalizable due to a good age range?
- Strengths: Lab experiment - Uncontrolled variables controlled,
High reliability due to all participants likely to be equally bored
- Weaknesses: Low gender generalizability due to most participants
being female, Lab experiment - Low ecological validity so it’s
unnatural to monitor a phone call, Reduced validity because
participants selected were from a recruitment panel
Others - Past Paper Answers:
Individual vs Situational - Individual behaviors happen within the person
as people don’t doodle in the same way while Situational behaviors
happen by external factors as doodling affected recall
2 Types of False Alarms: Non-party goers & Names not in the message
Why is this study from the cognitive approach? Differences between
people can be attributed to individual patterns of cognition & not all
people recalled the same amount of information in the study.
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