Classwork 29/12/2024
1)pathogen is a disease causing microorganism to the host it lives in
Infectious diseases: are diseases caused by pathogens and can be
transmitted from one host/organism to another
Non infectious disease: are diseases caused by pathogens but can’t be transmitted from one
host/organism to another
2) Direct ways of disease spread :
A) by touch like athlete’s foot
B) mixing of body fluids during unprotected sexual intercourse causing HIV or frommother
to fetus throough placenta/breast feeding
C)blood transfusion causes HIV and hepatitis
Indirect ways of disease spread:
A)by vector like female anopheles mosquitoes causing malaria
B)By eating or ingesting contaminated food or water like cholera
C)in droplets such as sneezing and couging like influenza
3) Different ways to control disease:
Personal hygiene: make sure to wash hands before and after eating, after toilets, take
regular showers, brush your teeth
Food hygiene: cover food to protect it from flies, don’t mix raw uncooked meat with raw
vegetables, cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria
food in fridge: slow the rate of bacteria growth as the rate of enzymatic
activity is slow
food in freezer: stop bacteria growth by deactivating the bacteria’s
enzyme
food subjected to high temperature: stop bacteria
growth by denaturing the bacteria’s enzymes
, Safe landfill sites: large and deep wholes are made to burry more garbage
and for wastes to become compact, the base of the hole is lined by an
insulating material to prevent the leakage of pollutant liquids from the wastes
, these liquids are pumped out and treated, when the hole is full it is covered by
Grass, methane gas released is allowed to escape as it is explosive under high pressure and is
used as an energy resource
4) Mechanical barrier: (prevents the entry of pthogens into the body) like skin, hairs in nose
and scab
Chemical barriers: ( kill pathogens that succeeded in entering the body) HCL acid in stomah to
kill bacteria, tears in the eyes comtain lysozome enzymes that destroy the bacterial wall and ill
the bacteria , mucus contains enzyme (lysozome) kills bacteria, saliva has enzymes that
digest and kill bacteria
5) Primary Immune Response: a)lymphocytes detect the antigens on the surface of the
pathogen as foreign/non-self
b)lymphocytes divide/ replicate by mitosis to form a clone of
lymphocytes
c) lymphocytes release antibodies that have specific binding
sites complementary to specific antigens on the pathogen so they fit in and bind to form and
antibody antigen complex to kill the pathogen
d)some memory cells remain in the body for FASTER
secondary immune response
e)This was an active immune response
6)antibodies that have specific binding sites complementary to specific
antigens on the pathogen so they fit in and bind to form and antibody
antigen complex to kill the pathogen
a) stick to the pathogens and mark them for
phagocytes to engulf them and digest them by
digestive enzymes>>>>Indirect
1)pathogen is a disease causing microorganism to the host it lives in
Infectious diseases: are diseases caused by pathogens and can be
transmitted from one host/organism to another
Non infectious disease: are diseases caused by pathogens but can’t be transmitted from one
host/organism to another
2) Direct ways of disease spread :
A) by touch like athlete’s foot
B) mixing of body fluids during unprotected sexual intercourse causing HIV or frommother
to fetus throough placenta/breast feeding
C)blood transfusion causes HIV and hepatitis
Indirect ways of disease spread:
A)by vector like female anopheles mosquitoes causing malaria
B)By eating or ingesting contaminated food or water like cholera
C)in droplets such as sneezing and couging like influenza
3) Different ways to control disease:
Personal hygiene: make sure to wash hands before and after eating, after toilets, take
regular showers, brush your teeth
Food hygiene: cover food to protect it from flies, don’t mix raw uncooked meat with raw
vegetables, cook food thoroughly to kill bacteria
food in fridge: slow the rate of bacteria growth as the rate of enzymatic
activity is slow
food in freezer: stop bacteria growth by deactivating the bacteria’s
enzyme
food subjected to high temperature: stop bacteria
growth by denaturing the bacteria’s enzymes
, Safe landfill sites: large and deep wholes are made to burry more garbage
and for wastes to become compact, the base of the hole is lined by an
insulating material to prevent the leakage of pollutant liquids from the wastes
, these liquids are pumped out and treated, when the hole is full it is covered by
Grass, methane gas released is allowed to escape as it is explosive under high pressure and is
used as an energy resource
4) Mechanical barrier: (prevents the entry of pthogens into the body) like skin, hairs in nose
and scab
Chemical barriers: ( kill pathogens that succeeded in entering the body) HCL acid in stomah to
kill bacteria, tears in the eyes comtain lysozome enzymes that destroy the bacterial wall and ill
the bacteria , mucus contains enzyme (lysozome) kills bacteria, saliva has enzymes that
digest and kill bacteria
5) Primary Immune Response: a)lymphocytes detect the antigens on the surface of the
pathogen as foreign/non-self
b)lymphocytes divide/ replicate by mitosis to form a clone of
lymphocytes
c) lymphocytes release antibodies that have specific binding
sites complementary to specific antigens on the pathogen so they fit in and bind to form and
antibody antigen complex to kill the pathogen
d)some memory cells remain in the body for FASTER
secondary immune response
e)This was an active immune response
6)antibodies that have specific binding sites complementary to specific
antigens on the pathogen so they fit in and bind to form and antibody
antigen complex to kill the pathogen
a) stick to the pathogens and mark them for
phagocytes to engulf them and digest them by
digestive enzymes>>>>Indirect
