NURS 6030 - Patho - Exam 2 Questions With Complete Solutions

NURS 6030 - Patho - Exam 2 Questions With Complete
Solutions

- most numerous of the formed elements in the blood
- carry oxygen and CO2
- NO nucleus or organelles - no longer true cells
- BICONCAVE disc structure (large surface area; can flex to
move within vessels_
- live 120 days Correct Answers describe the characteristics of
RBCs

-Active platelets release PF4
-Heparin binds Pf4
-IgG antibody produced
-Heparin/PF4 and IgG combine as immune complex
-Fc receptors attach to and activate platelets Correct Answers
what causes increased aggregation and destruction of platelets in
heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

-Congenital heart disease
-Valvular heart disease
-Severe COPD
-Heart failure
-Sleep apnea Correct Answers Pulmonary Hypertension:
causes of secondary

-D/t pulmonary disease, autoimmune disorder, inhalation injury,
idiopathic (Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)

-Inflammation --> fibrosis, decreased compliance, thick alveolar
capillary membrane

,-Dyspnea on exertion Correct Answers Pulmonary fibrosis;
cause, pathophysiology; s/s

-reduction in RBCs or amount of hemoglobin

- decrease in hemoglobin on CBC (classifications by causes or
change in morphology)
--- cytic refers to cell size
--- chromic refers to hb content
--- anisocytosis - assuming various sizes
--- poikilocytosis - assuming various shapes Correct Answers
what is the basic definition of anemia ?

what would you see on a CBC?

-Spread by droplet nuclei (airborne particles)

•Risk factors: foreign born, HIV positive, congregate settings
(prisons, shelters) Correct Answers how is TB spread?

who is at risk?

-Vaccine: everyone older than 6 months

-Especially high risk: asthma, diabetes, and chronic lung
disease, HF; Pregnant women; People 65 years and older

-People living with/caring for high risk population

,-It takes about 2 weeks for protection to develop after
vaccination Correct Answers Influenza vaccine: who should
get it?

•3 syndromes of seasonal influenza
1. URI (rhinotracheitis)
2. Complicating bacterial infection - sinusitis, otitis, bronchitis,
bacterial pneumonia
3. Viral pneumonia Correct Answers 3 syndromes can occur
with seasonal influenza: name them

•Accumulation fluid in pleural space

TYPES:
•Transudative (clear)
-Ex: heart failure à hydrothorax
•Exudative
-Contains proteins, inflammatory cells
-Ex: pneumonia
•Hemothorax: blood
•Chylothorax: lymph
•Empyema: pus

•CAUSES:
•Increased capillary pressure
•Heart failure
•Decreased oncotic pressure
•Liver disease, kidney disease
•Impaired lymph drainage
•Cancer
•Ascites (liver disease)

, •Inflammation/infection
•Post trauma/post-surgical

•S/S: dyspnea, decreased/absent BS, hypoxemia, dullness to
percussion

•Dx: CXR, ultrasound Correct Answers Pleural Effusion:
definition; types; causes; signs/symptoms; diagnosis

•Air enters pleural space & can't exit
•↑ pressure intrapleural spaceà tracheal/mediastinal shift

•Result
-Lung collapsed on affected side
-Lung compressed on opposite side
-Pressure on vena cava à ↓venous return (↓ SV and C.O)

•Severe hypoxemia, hypotension Correct Answers Tension
pneumothorax: why so bad? What is the result/effect on lung;
heart; blood vessels etc.

•Air in pleural space

•Two Main Types
•Spontaneous (primary)
•Traumatic

•S/S: pleuritic pain, SOB, ↑RR, ↓ breath sounds, asymmetry
chest wall movement, hypoxemia Correct Answers
Pneumothorax: what is it? ; 2 types; signs/symptoms;