SOIL MECHANICS
1) Indurated clay: Hardening of clay due to heat & pressure
2) Lithification: process by which unconsolidated mass is converted into solid rock
3) Water content Determination:
i. Oven Dry Method:
•Most accurate results
•moist sample→24 hr
•temperature→ 105°C - 110°C
*Organic soil→ 60°C - 80°C
A
TR
O
ii. Pycnometer Method:
•Second fastest method
•determines water content & specific gravity
•suitable for (Gs) value 27 °C
•Dry sample
G
N
BA
H
IS
iii. Sand Bath Method:
•field method
•Leads to uniform heating of soil
SH
iv. Torsion balance method:
•Used for hygroscopic soil
*Hygroscopic→soil absorbs water quickly from the atmosphere
KA
v. Calcium carbide method:
•Fastest method
•Acetylene gas is used
, SOIL MECHANICS
vi. Radiation method:
•Common in both
4) Measurement Of Unit Weight:
● Core cutter method
● sand replacement method
● water displacement method
● water balloon method
● Radiation method
1.Core cutter method:
•Field method
•volume of core cutter is known
A
•adopted in soft fine grained soils
TR
•cannot be adopted in Sandy (coarse grained soil or gravel)
•used for soil which is exposed
Unit weight (γt) = weight of soil/ known volume of core cutter
O
2. Sand replacement method:
G
•Used when core cutting method is not suitable
Eg- in sand, gravels etc.
N
BA
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL
•helps us to find out engineering behaviour of soils
•assists in classifying the soils
Various index properties of coarse grained soils are:-
H
● Grain size
● Grain shape
IS
● Relative density
Index properties of fine grained soils are:-
Consistency limits:
SH
● liquid limit (WL)
● plastic limit (Wp)
● shrinkage limit (Ws)
KA
, SOIL MECHANICS
A
TR
O
G
N
BA
H
IS
5) Grain Size Analysis:
•Find out proportion by mass of various sizes of particles present in soil
•It is done by sieve analysis for CGS
SH
KA
Sieve Analysis:
1) Indurated clay: Hardening of clay due to heat & pressure
2) Lithification: process by which unconsolidated mass is converted into solid rock
3) Water content Determination:
i. Oven Dry Method:
•Most accurate results
•moist sample→24 hr
•temperature→ 105°C - 110°C
*Organic soil→ 60°C - 80°C
A
TR
O
ii. Pycnometer Method:
•Second fastest method
•determines water content & specific gravity
•suitable for (Gs) value 27 °C
•Dry sample
G
N
BA
H
IS
iii. Sand Bath Method:
•field method
•Leads to uniform heating of soil
SH
iv. Torsion balance method:
•Used for hygroscopic soil
*Hygroscopic→soil absorbs water quickly from the atmosphere
KA
v. Calcium carbide method:
•Fastest method
•Acetylene gas is used
, SOIL MECHANICS
vi. Radiation method:
•Common in both
4) Measurement Of Unit Weight:
● Core cutter method
● sand replacement method
● water displacement method
● water balloon method
● Radiation method
1.Core cutter method:
•Field method
•volume of core cutter is known
A
•adopted in soft fine grained soils
TR
•cannot be adopted in Sandy (coarse grained soil or gravel)
•used for soil which is exposed
Unit weight (γt) = weight of soil/ known volume of core cutter
O
2. Sand replacement method:
G
•Used when core cutting method is not suitable
Eg- in sand, gravels etc.
N
BA
INDEX PROPERTIES OF SOIL
•helps us to find out engineering behaviour of soils
•assists in classifying the soils
Various index properties of coarse grained soils are:-
H
● Grain size
● Grain shape
IS
● Relative density
Index properties of fine grained soils are:-
Consistency limits:
SH
● liquid limit (WL)
● plastic limit (Wp)
● shrinkage limit (Ws)
KA
, SOIL MECHANICS
A
TR
O
G
N
BA
H
IS
5) Grain Size Analysis:
•Find out proportion by mass of various sizes of particles present in soil
•It is done by sieve analysis for CGS
SH
KA
Sieve Analysis:
