Biology EOC Review
activation energy - ansenergy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes
active transport - ansmovement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by
the cell
adaptation - ansinherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
allele - ansthe different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive
amino acid - ansbasic building blocks of proteins
analogous structures - ansstructures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in
form or function
anaphase - ansthe third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move
toward opposite poles
antibiotic - anscompound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
antibody - ansa substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has
entered the body
antigen - anssubstance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
archaea - ansdomain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
,ATP - ansa nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells
autotroph - ansorganism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its
own food; also called a producer
bacteria - ansdomain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans
bacteriophage - ansvirus that infects bacteria
base deletion - ansmutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect
on the resulting protein
base insertion - ansmutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major
effect on the resulting protein
base-pair substitution - ansa type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are
replaced by another pair of nucleotides
behavioral adaptation - ansan inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from
predators or find a mate
binary fission - ansasexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical
cells
binomial nomenclature - ansClassification system in which each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name including the genus and species
biodiversity - ansthe variety of different species in a given area
, biogeochemical cycle - ansprocess in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of
matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another; like
the carbon and nitrogen cycle
biomass - ansthe total amount of living matter within a given trophic level
capsid - ansthe outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
carbohydrate - ansorganic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon cycle - ansthe organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back
again
carnivore - ansa consumer that only eats other consumers
catalyst - anssubstance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme
cell - ansbasic unit of life
cell cycle - ansthe cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and
mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis
(division of cytoplasm)
cell division - ansthe process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
cell membrane - ansThe lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell
activation energy - ansenergy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes
active transport - ansmovement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by
the cell
adaptation - ansinherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
allele - ansthe different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive
amino acid - ansbasic building blocks of proteins
analogous structures - ansstructures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in
form or function
anaphase - ansthe third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move
toward opposite poles
antibiotic - anscompound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
antibody - ansa substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has
entered the body
antigen - anssubstance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
archaea - ansdomain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
,ATP - ansa nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells
autotroph - ansorganism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its
own food; also called a producer
bacteria - ansdomain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans
bacteriophage - ansvirus that infects bacteria
base deletion - ansmutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect
on the resulting protein
base insertion - ansmutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major
effect on the resulting protein
base-pair substitution - ansa type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are
replaced by another pair of nucleotides
behavioral adaptation - ansan inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from
predators or find a mate
binary fission - ansasexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical
cells
binomial nomenclature - ansClassification system in which each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name including the genus and species
biodiversity - ansthe variety of different species in a given area
, biogeochemical cycle - ansprocess in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of
matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another; like
the carbon and nitrogen cycle
biomass - ansthe total amount of living matter within a given trophic level
capsid - ansthe outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
carbohydrate - ansorganic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon cycle - ansthe organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back
again
carnivore - ansa consumer that only eats other consumers
catalyst - anssubstance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme
cell - ansbasic unit of life
cell cycle - ansthe cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and
mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis
(division of cytoplasm)
cell division - ansthe process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
cell membrane - ansThe lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell
