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Summary Approach to Diagnosis: Cardiovascular System Study guide £5.49
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Summary Approach to Diagnosis: Cardiovascular System Study guide

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Step-by-step guide to diagnosing cardiovascular disease in animals

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  • January 27, 2025
  • 8
  • 2024/2025
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CVRS Approach to Diagnosis
Students should be able to:
❣️ ●​ heavier dogs are less likely to develop
murmurs associated with mitral valve
disease
★​ take a history from the owner of a patient with cardiac disease ■​ Large breed dogs (dobermans, Irish wolfhounds)
and recognise the significance of complaints likely to be related to develop dilated cardiomyopathy
cardiac disease and failure ○​ Cats
★​ carry out a clinical examination with special reference to ■​ most frequently develop→myocardial diseases
abnormalities likely to arise as a consequence of cardiac disease ■​ Most prevalent→hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
and failure ★​ Sex
★​ understand the cause, and significance of cardiac murmurs and ○​ Some cardiac diseases have sex predilection
other abnormal heart sounds. ■​ PDA in bitches
★​ describe cardiac murmurs according to their point of maximal ■​ Males have earlier onset with MVD and DCM
intensity, timing and intensity ★​ Heart disease VS Heart Failure
★​ formulate a list of differential diagnosis on the basis of clinical ○​ any animal with a detectable abnormality of the heart can
findings be said to have heart disease
■​ But a lot of animals will have heart murmurs /
Signalment heart rhythm disturbances without any outward
signs of abnormalities
★​ Species ○​ only animals demonstrating clinical signs of forward or
★​ Age backward failure can be said to have heart failure
○​ Congenital disease in young ■​ Forward failure = inadequacy of output, low bp,
○​ Some acquired diseases in aged animals collapse
■​ as age increase - increase instances of heart ■​ Congestive failure (backwards) = breathlessness,
murmurs exercise intolerance
★​ Breed + types ○​ Must distinguish that we will find patients with signs of
○​ Many cardiac disease have breed/type association heart disease but not failure + there are patients that
○​ Breed will present with signs of heart failure
■​ Mitral valve disease affects small breed dogs ■​ 2 distinct population of animals
particularly CKCS
●​ 75% of acquired heart disease

, History:

★​ May not have clinical signs of diseases (to the point of signs of
heart failure)- common complaints
○​ Dyspnoea - diff breathing
○​ Cough
■​ Associated with Cardiac disease in dogs (not
■​
always)
●​ Air-hunger stance = dog keeping its
○​ Exercise intolerance (Poor Performance)
airway as straight as it can
○​ Lethargy
●​ BCS low
○​ Ascites - fluid in peritoneal cavity
●​ Look anxious + high effort put into
○​ Oedema - excess subcutaneous fluids
breathing
○​ Syncope - loss of consciousness due to low BP
○​ Respiratory effort and rate
○​ Collapse
○​ Mucous membranes
○​ Weight loss

Differential Diagnosis:

★​ Consider other systems
○​ Respiratory
○​ Neurological
○​ Musculoskeletal ■​
○​ Metabolic ■​ Normal = moist, salmon pink
●​ Oral often paler than conjunctiva
Physical Examination ■​ Capillary Refill time
●​ Estimates tissue perfusion
★​ Observation ●​ Blanch mucous membrane → Measure
○​ Demeanor time taken for normal pink color to
appear
○​ Normal CRT = <3 sec

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