TOPIC 1 paper 1
, Polymers are long Small units which combine to make
chains of monomers large chains (polymers)
Examples of mon
Examples of polymers are monomers are amino acids,
starch, proteins and DNA.
polymers nucleotides and
monosaccharides
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
reactions
A CONDENSATION reaction adds two molecules
together (e.g. two amino acids) and a H2O molecule
is a product of the reaction. A hydrolysis reaction breaks down polymers. A H2O
molecule is added and the chemical bond between
monomers is broken.
, GLUCOSE is a monosaccharide. It has two isomers
Carbohydrates are molecules which consist of only carbon, hydrogen
and beta glucose
and oxygen. They are long chains of SACCHARIDES. A single monomer
is a MONOSACCHARIDE and a pair of monomers is a DISACCHARIDE.
Combining many monosaccharides results in the formation of a
POLYSACCHARIDE. These are all joined together with a GLYCOSIDIC
bond, formed in a CONDENSATION reaction.
monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can join to
disaccharides condensation reaction to form a
During this reaction a water mol
The diagram below shows the fo
glycosidic bond between two alp
CARBOHYDRATES molecules in order to form a mo
polysaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES are formed from many glucose units joined together . GLYCOGEN and
STARCH are both formed by a condensation reaction between many alpha glucose
molecules. CELLULOSE is formed by the condensation of beta glucose
MONOSACCHARIDE + MONOSACCHARIDE = DI
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = MALTOSE
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE = LACTOSE
, Test for lipids –
• Add approximately 2cm cubed of
Test for reducing sugar-
ethanol and 2 cm cubed of unknown • Add equal volume (1-2cm cubed) of
solution in a test tube and shake. benedict solution to unknown
• Then add 2cm of water. solution.
• Heat mixture in boiling water bath Test for non-reducing s
• Carefully shake and leave to settle • Do reducing sugar test fir
• A positive test is shown by a white for 3 minutes.
• A positive test is a colour change • If negative place unknow
emulsion forming in boiling water bath wit
from blue- brick red/ orange.
of hydrochloric acid and
• Neutralise the acid with
sodium hydrogen carbon
• Carry on benedict test as
colour change will be blu
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS red/ orange.
Test for starch- Test for proteins-
• Add a few drops of iodine in potassium • Place the sample to be tested in a test tube a
iodide to unknown solution. add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide at
• A positive test is a colour change from room temp.
yellow to blue/black • Add a few drops of a very dilute copper sulph
solution and mix gently.
• A purple colouration indicates the presence o
peptide bond and hence a protein . A negativ
result would mean the solution remains blue
, Polymers are long Small units which combine to make
chains of monomers large chains (polymers)
Examples of mon
Examples of polymers are monomers are amino acids,
starch, proteins and DNA.
polymers nucleotides and
monosaccharides
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
reactions
A CONDENSATION reaction adds two molecules
together (e.g. two amino acids) and a H2O molecule
is a product of the reaction. A hydrolysis reaction breaks down polymers. A H2O
molecule is added and the chemical bond between
monomers is broken.
, GLUCOSE is a monosaccharide. It has two isomers
Carbohydrates are molecules which consist of only carbon, hydrogen
and beta glucose
and oxygen. They are long chains of SACCHARIDES. A single monomer
is a MONOSACCHARIDE and a pair of monomers is a DISACCHARIDE.
Combining many monosaccharides results in the formation of a
POLYSACCHARIDE. These are all joined together with a GLYCOSIDIC
bond, formed in a CONDENSATION reaction.
monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides can join to
disaccharides condensation reaction to form a
During this reaction a water mol
The diagram below shows the fo
glycosidic bond between two alp
CARBOHYDRATES molecules in order to form a mo
polysaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES are formed from many glucose units joined together . GLYCOGEN and
STARCH are both formed by a condensation reaction between many alpha glucose
molecules. CELLULOSE is formed by the condensation of beta glucose
MONOSACCHARIDE + MONOSACCHARIDE = DI
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = MALTOSE
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = SUCROSE
GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE = LACTOSE
, Test for lipids –
• Add approximately 2cm cubed of
Test for reducing sugar-
ethanol and 2 cm cubed of unknown • Add equal volume (1-2cm cubed) of
solution in a test tube and shake. benedict solution to unknown
• Then add 2cm of water. solution.
• Heat mixture in boiling water bath Test for non-reducing s
• Carefully shake and leave to settle • Do reducing sugar test fir
• A positive test is shown by a white for 3 minutes.
• A positive test is a colour change • If negative place unknow
emulsion forming in boiling water bath wit
from blue- brick red/ orange.
of hydrochloric acid and
• Neutralise the acid with
sodium hydrogen carbon
• Carry on benedict test as
colour change will be blu
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS red/ orange.
Test for starch- Test for proteins-
• Add a few drops of iodine in potassium • Place the sample to be tested in a test tube a
iodide to unknown solution. add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide at
• A positive test is a colour change from room temp.
yellow to blue/black • Add a few drops of a very dilute copper sulph
solution and mix gently.
• A purple colouration indicates the presence o
peptide bond and hence a protein . A negativ
result would mean the solution remains blue
