NURS 8022 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide

NURS 8022 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Guide. Cellular biology, membrane physiology, action potentials, skeletal and smooth muscle contraction, altered cellular tissue, and biology of aging Positive and negative feedback – what are they? Understand basics of what they do and how they affect physiology • Negative feedback: promotes stability o Cancels out the original response – original stimulus or response is cancelled out at the end o Body must sense a change and attempt to return to normal - restores homeostasis o Ex: increased blood glucose – body increases insulin production – lowers blood glucose/homeostasis is restored • Positive feedback: promotes a change in one direction; instability; disease o Exaggeration or more of the original response o May be unstable or normal o Normal Ex: oxytocin release during childbirth stimulating labor contractions; platelets and blood clotting cascade Explain the structure of the membrane and the organization of its polar and non-polar components, including lipids and proteins • Membrane structure: phospholipid bilayer o Negative, hydrophobic tails inward; positive, hydrophilic heads outward • Proteins o Provide selectivity to the membrane o Integral: channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, receptors, second messengers – spread through entire membrane o Peripheral: enzymes, intracellular signal mediators • Carbohydrates o Negative charge of carbo chains repels other negative charges o Involved in cell-cell attachments/interactions - often act as receptors o Play a role in immune reactions