Pathophysiology Neuro 2023 Exam Questions With Complete Solution

Pathophysiology Neuro 2023 Exam Questions With Complete Solution A neurologists explains that arousal is mediated by the: a. Cerebral cortex b. Medulla oblongata c. Reticular activating system d. Cingulate gyrus - ANS: C Arousal is mediated by the reticular activating system, which regulates aspects of attention and information processing and maintains consciousness. A 20-year-old male suffers a severe closed head injury in a motor vehicle accident. He remains in a vegetative state (VS) 1 month after the accident. Which of the following structures is most likely keeping him in a vegetative state? a. Cerebral cortex b. Brainstem c. Spinal cord d. Cerebellum - ANS: B When a person loses cerebral function, the reticular activating system and brainstem can maintain a crude waking state known as a VS. Cognitive cerebral functions, however, cannot occur without a functioning reticular activating system. A 16-year-old male took a recreational drug that altered his level of arousal. Physical exam revealed a negative Babinski sign, equal and reactive pupils, and roving eye movements. Which of the following diagnosis will the nurse most likely see on the chart? a. Psychogenic arousal alteration b. Metabolically induced coma c. Structurally induced coma d. Structural arousal alteration - ANS: B Persons with metabolically induced coma generally retain ocular reflexes even when other signs of brainstem damage are present. Psychogenic arousal activation demonstrates a general psychiatric disorder. Structurally induced coma is manifested by asymmetric responses. Structural arousal alteration does not have drug use as its etiology. The breathing pattern that reflects respirations based primarily on carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood is: a. Cheyne-Stokes b. Ataxic c. Central neurogenic d. Normal - ANS: A Cheyne-Stokes respirations occur as a result of CO2 levels in the blood. Ataxic breathing occurs as a result of dysfunction of the medullary neurons. Central neurogenic patterns occur as a result of uncal herniation. Normal respirations are based on the levels of oxygen (O2) in the blood. A 45-year-old female presents to the emergency room (ER) reporting excessive vomiting. A CT scan of the brain reveals a mass in the: a. Skull fractures b. Thalamus c. Medulla oblongata d. Frontal lobe - ANS: C Vomiting is due to disruptions in the medulla oblongata. A teenage boy sustains a severe closed head injury following an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) accident. He is in a state of deep sleep that requires vigorous stimulation to elicit eye opening. How should the nurse document this in the chart? a. Confusion b. Coma c. Obtundation d. Stupor - ANS: D