FNDH 400 Final Exam With Verified Answers

FNDH 400 Final Exam With Verified Answers T/F: Compared to amylopectin, amylose is branched and contains alpha-1-6 bonds at its branch points. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Compared to amylose, amylopectin is branched and contains alpha-1-6 bonds at its branch points. T/F: Compared to amylopectin, an oligosaccharide is longer and contains less prevalent alpha 1-6 bonds. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Compared to amylopectin, an oligosaccharide is shorter and contains more prevalent alpha 1-6 bonds. T/F: Compared to amylopectin, glycogen is more branched, and also has alpha 1-6 bonds at its branch points. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F: Trans fatty acids have lower melting points than cis fatty acids, meaning trans fatty acids are more likely to be liquid at room temperature. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Cis fatty acids have lower melting points than trans fatty acids, meaning cis fatty acids are more likely to be liquid at room temperature. T/F: In individuals with PKU, since proline cannot be converted to tryptophan because of the mutation in proline hydroxylase, tryptophan is conditionally essential in these individuals. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. In individuals with PKU, since phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine because of the mutation in phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine is conditionally essential in these individuals. T/F: Individuals with PKU need to consume a high protein diet and avoid consuming the amino acid advantame, because it can be broken down to the amino acid proline. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Individuals with PKU need to consume a low protein diet and avoid consuming the alternative sweetener aspartame, because it can be broken down to the amino acid phenylalanine. T/F: A product that contains inulin (oligofructose) and bifidobacterium could be considered a symbiotic. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F: In the stomach, pancreatic lipase and amylase digest lipid and protein, respectively. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. In the stomach, gastric lipase and pepsin digest triglyceride and protein, respectively. T/F: Since high-fructose corn syrup contains free fructose, it will result in more fructose being available for uptake and absorption than sucrose. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. High-fructose corn syrup contains free fructose, it will result in approximately the same amount fructose being available for uptake and absorption than sucrose. T/F: A limiting amino acid is an essential amino acid that is present in inadequate amount in a protein preventing it from being a complete protein. - CORRECT ANSWERTrue T/F: Heartburn results from a leaky pyloric sphincter, which allows gastric fluid to enter the duodenum. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Heartburn results from a leaky lower esophageal sphincter, which allows gastric fluid to enter the esophagus. T/F: Maramus results from inadequate protein, but adequate caloric intake and is characterized by an extended abdomen. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Kwashiorkor results from inadequate protein, but adequate caloric intake and is characterized by an extended abdomen. T/F: Complementary proteins provide the essential amino acid found in inadequate amounts in the other protein, thus complementing one another. - CORRECT ANSWERTrue T/F: Fermentable, viscous fiberis readily excreted in feces and also increases stool bulk and transit time thus decreasing constipation and colon cancer risk. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Nonfermentable, nonviscous fiber is readily excreted in feces and also increases stool bulk and transit time thus decreasing constipation and colon cancer risk. T/F: Mannitol (a sugar alcohol), is a poor option for use in products like chewing gum because it is readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth, decreasing acid production, and thus reducing cavities. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Mannitol (a sugar alcohol), is a good option for use in products like chewing gum because it is not fermented by bacteria in the mouth, decreasing acid production, and thus reducing cavities. T/F: Glucose is the sweetest monosaccharide, while fructose is seldom found free in nature. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide, while galactose is seldom found free in nature. T/F: Maltose is a complex carbohydrate of glucose-galactose bonded together with a beta bond. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Maltose is a simple carbohydrate of glucoseglucose bonded together with an alpha bond. T/F: Eicosanoids produced from essential omega-6 fatty acid longic acid elongated fatty acids are less inflammatory than those produced from the essential omega-3 fatty acid beta-longeleic acid elongated fatty acids. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Eicosanoids produced from essential omega-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid elongated fatty acids are less inflammatory than those produced from the essential omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid elongated fatty acids. Name the macronutrient that is not digested to any great extent in the stomach. - CORRECT ANSWER-carbohydrates The table below shows hypothetical results for the relationship between daily intermittent fasting and cancer risk. The period or intake is during what period of time each day does a person consume food/calories. A quartile is splitting a group into 4 (1 is the lowest, 4 the highest quartile). A) Indicate the risk for the quartiles in the "Risk Indicated" column (2 points): For significant quartiles, type significant increase or significant decrease For non-significant quartiles, type non-significant increase or non-significant decrease B) What can you say about the impact of intermittent fasting on cancer risk and how it should be practiced by someone interested in it based off these results (2 points)? - CORRECT ANSWER-QuartilePeriod of IntakeOdds Ratio (OR) 95% CIRisk Indicated 1: 6 hours 0.77 (0.54-0.99) Significant decrease 2: 8 hours 0.92 (0.78-1.18) Non-significant decrease 3: 10 hours 1.18 (1.00-1.38) Non-significant increase 4: 12 hours 1.25 (0.99-1.49) Non-significant increase B) Based off the table the lower amount of hours you have between daily intermittent fasting the lower risk of cancer. With the lowest amount of hours, 6 hours between fasting had a significant decrease in cancer risk and the 8 hour period also had a decrease even though it was not significant. Once the time period between fasting periods reached 10 hours we see a slight increase, but not a significant one. What is the purpose of bile and bicarbonate in digestion? - CORRECT ANSWER-Bile - helps emulsify lipids, detergent so that lipid digesting enzymes can get greater access to lipids in micelles instead of large droplets. Bicarbonate - helps neutralize acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum. The table below summarizes some hypothetical protein quality measures for 3 foods. Food. AAS. PDCAAS. DIAAS Food 1: 25. 40. 35 Food 2: 50 50. 60 Food 3: 75. 45. 50 A) What are some differences between the 3 protein quality measures? B) Which protein would you say has the highest protein quality, what do you base your recommendation on? - CORRECT ANSWER-A) AAS is determined by comparing the quantity of essential amino acids in a food compared to reference amount of each that is needed. PDCAAS factors in protein digestibility in addition to the amino acid score. The DIAAS is different than the PDCAAS, because it 1) takes into account individual amino acid digestibility 2) ileal vs. total digestibility 3) might use a different reference pattern (or reference group) and 4) is not truncated at 100. B) Food 2 has the highest protein quality, because it has the highest DIAAS value. This newest measure has some improvements over the other protein quality measure indicated above, even though the other foods have higher values in those measures. A) Name the macronutrient that does not have a digestive enzymes released in the mouth. B) Name the macronutrient and enzyme that is released, but whose action mostly does not occur in the mouth. - CORRECT ANSWER-A) The macronutrient that does not have a digestive enzyme released in the mouth is protein because the digestion does not begin until the stomach. B) The macronutrient and enzyme that is released in the mouth, but whose action mostly does not occur there is triglycerides and lingual lipase. A) The following hypothetical results are from a 20-year study comparing the impact of fat consumption on increased cardiovascular disease risk. Provide the number of what options indicate a significant increased risk. 1. Omega-6 fatty acids p=0.049 2. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids p=0.5 3. Shorter chain omega-3 fatty acids p=0.05 4. Saturated fatty acids p=0.01 5. Monounsaturated fatty acids p = 0.4 B) Based on what you learned are you surprised by the results? Justify your answer demonstrating that your understanding including structural and physiological explanations where appropriate. - CORRECT ANSWER-A) 1, 3, 4 B) No. Saturated and trans fat are both well known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Saturate fat increases LDL, trans fat increases LDL and decreases HDL.Omega-6 fatty acids might be associated with cardiovascular disease because eicosanoids produced from them are more inflammatory than those produced form omega-3 fatty acids. A) Name the following fatty acids using omega nomenclature. B) Indicate if the fatty acids is saturated or unsaturated. C) Indicate whether the double bonds are cis or trans, if applicable. - CORRECT ANSWER-Top: 18:2 n-6, 18:2 ω-6; unsaturated, polyunsaturated; left bond trans, right bond cis Bottom: 22:0 saturated A) Identify the following types of research for each description listed in the table. B) Rank the strength of the following types of research from 1 to 5 (1 strongest to 6 weakest) A. A researcher reviews all the evidence on intermittent fasting and cancer risk and draws conclusions based on the body of evidence. B. A researcher examines relationship between intermittent fasting and cancer occurrence in different countries around the world. C. A researcher examines the relationship between individuals with and without cancer and the rate of intermittent fasting. D. A researcher puts individuals on and intermittent fasting regimen while other individual are put on a more normal eating regimen to determine if intermittent fasting reduces cancer risk. E. A researcher collects information on intermittent fasting and food consumption from a group of individuals that will then be followed over time to determine how it affects the risk of developing cancer. - CORRECT ANSWER-A. Systematic Literature Review, 1 (strongest) B. Cross-sectional Study, 5 C. Case-control Study, 4 D. Clinical Trial/Human Intervention Study, 2 E. Prospective Cohort Study, 3 Name the carbohydrate, protein (class of enzymes are fine for protein) and triglyceride digestion enzymes active in the small intestine (including the brushborder enzymes), what macronutrient they act on, and what end products are left after their action ready for uptake. Macronutrient Enzyme(s) End Products Carbohydrate Protein Triglyceride - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbohydrate: Pancreatic Amylase, Disaccharidases; Monosaccharides Protein: Proteases, Peptidases; Amino acids & di- & tripeptides Triglyceride: Pancreatic Lipase; 2-monoglyceride & free fatty acids T/F: If a person consumes only glucose, and is in positive energy balance, their adipose will be taking up only glucose. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. If a person consumes only glucose, and is in positive energy balance, their adipose will be taking up glucose and fatty acids. T/F: In type 1 diabetes, insulin levels are adequate, but binding of insulin to the insulin receptor does not cause GLUT 6 transporter to move to the cell surface. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. In type 2 diabetes, insulin levels are adequate, but binding of insulin to the insulin receptor does not cause GLUT 4 transporter to move to the cell surface. T/F: De novo lipogenesis is a catabolic pathway, while lipolysis is an anabolic pathway. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. De novo lipogenesis is a anabolic pathway, while lipolysis is an catabolic pathway. T/F: Following consumption of a fatty meal, long-chain fatty acids will be re-esterified into triglycerides in enterocytes, packaged into VLDL, which are released into capillaries - CORRECT ANSWER-False. Following consumption of a fatty meal, long-chain fatty acids will be re-esterified into triglycerides in enterocytes, packaged into chylomicrons, which are released into lacteal. T/F: If a person is in an extended fast, and in negative energy balance, the adipose will be secreting fatty acids because of the action of hormone-sensitive lipase. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F: If a person is in an extended fast, and is in negative energy balance, the Cori cycle, which involves glycolysis and glycogenesis may be operating to spare glucose. - CORRECT ANSWER-False. If a person is in an extended fast, and is in negative energy balance, the Cori cycle, which involves glycolysis and lactate synthesis may be operating to spare glucose.