BBH 315 Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions

Topic 1: Worklife, Empty Nests, & Retirement in the U.S. correct answer: Readings: Lachman, 2004; NIA, 2013; NIA & WHO, 2013 (optional) Sex/gender differences in physical and cognitive changes in midlife and older age correct answer: skin wrinkles and spots, hair thins and grays, fingernails and toenails thicken, height decreases body fat increases, muscle mass, strength decrease, bone density decreases, vision decline, hearing decline lung capacity declines, sleep problems increase, immune function declines, testosterone and estrogen decline risk increases for high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease and along with many other diseases cognitive function increases, stabilizes, or declines How marital status might be related to health in midlife and older age correct answer: close relationships particularly beneficial to men, women may need more from marriage, men may need more help with loss of spouse; more research needed for homosexual couples -companionship; social support -sharing economic resources -usually have same intellect so can talk about things together -can be harmful, smoking and bad eating -smoking wife and non smoking husband, his support doesn't help her in not smoking where it does vice versa -it helps men to have wife suport when dieting, women cook How social relationships are linked to health, including stress, marital dysfunction, and health link correct answer: marital conflicts: can cause stress that leads to deregulated would healing, and can cause inflammatory, immune, and endocrine changes that are associated with disability children in intact families, married couples, and older people with strong social support are linked to enhanced health; women have closer social networks so many higher health outcomes Trends in age at first marriage, marriage "market share," in U.S. and worldwide, by education and ethnicity correct answer: increasing for both men and women increased about 6 years in past 60 years women-27 men-29 marriage is highest for people who have college education and who are white. 40% of americans say marriage is obsolete 31% married americans say its becoming obsolete How paid work and retirement might be related to health in midlife and older age correct answer: some jobs may be physically more stressful; some jobs may not have retiring health insurance; some people may get great satisfaction out of their job; autonomy-making decisions fr yourself and when (flexibility); if you are so tied up in your work you are doing it consumes your identity and retiring may be a more difficult task Trends in labor force participation rates, overall, by sex and age groups correct answer: slowly decreasing for men, increasing for women lowest participation rate for those (65-69) (around 30%) 16-19 year olds next 25-29 year olds highest Trends in gender gap in earnings, overall and by geographic region correct answer: womens earnings have increased from 1979 to 2005 but never reach what men earn. women early 77-82 cents for every 1 dollar, exists through all ethnic groups and ages Reasons for gender gap in earnings correct answer: Time Magazine article says women cluster in lower paid fields but also note discrimination How unpaid work in home might be related to health in midlife and older age correct answer: dealing with things at home (without reward) may cause more stress and less satisfaction partly explained by having children differences common in chores selected Gender differences in division of labor and influence of gender roles, including caregiving correct answer: Largest gender difference in division labor seen in married couples, women do just about equal of paid work but significant amount of more unpaid work "Second-shift" phenomenon correct answer: women have increased stress by performing household duties on top of paid work Topic: Cancers in Later Life correct answer: Readings: Edgren 2012; Dorak & Karpozoglu, 2012 (review) Cancer correct answer: 100+ diseases with uncontrollable cell growth, named for organs/cells where cell growth states, usually result of years of accumulated risk higher in males than females, idk why Apoptosis correct answer: programmed cell death if apoptosis does not occur, damaged cells may survive and develop into cancerous cells Tumor correct answer: abnormal tissue growth