APUSH Amsco Chapter 6 Latest Update Graded A

APUSH Amsco Chapter 6 Latest Update Graded A Proclamation of Neutrality(1793) he gathered and encouraged American support of France in the war; withdrawn and replaced in response Jay Treaty (1794): Agreement that provided England would evacuate a series of forts in U.S. territory along the Great Lakes; in return, the United States agreed to pay pre-Revolutionary War debts owed to Britain. The British also partially opened the West Indies to American shipping. The treaty was barely ratified in the face of strong Republican opposition. Pinckney Treaty (1795): Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida. Right of deposit: Granted by Spain to America so that Americans could transfer cargo in New Orleans without paying duties to the Spanish government Battle of Fallen Timbers: The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River Whiskey Rebellion (1794): Popular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. Public Land Act (1796): established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices Federalist era: this was during the 1790s Democratic-Republican party: the Democratic-Republicans believed in more state than federal powers and had a strict interpretation of the Constitution Political parties They came from colonial times. When a legislature would have to decide on something it would usually break up into factions and then after they voted on the issue and it was resolved they would go back to being one big happy family and there would be no factions. The two main political parties at this time were the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists wanted a strong central government and believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution. While the Democratic-Republicans believed in more state than federal powers and had a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Washington's farewell address In late 1796, Washington wrote a farewell address, which he posted in the newspapers. He had four major points: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties, and to avoid sectionalism "permanent alliances": Washington warned American not to have "permanent alliances" in his farewell address because he thought that it could lead to wars and America already had enough trouble Two-term tradition: Washington was president for two terms so everybody else was like hey that's a cool idea John Adams He won the 2nd Presidency and he was a Federalist XYZ Affair Americans were pissed that the French kept seizing their ships so they sent a delegate to make a compromise but the delegates, known as Z Y and Z because they didn't release their names, wanted to make the compromise off of bribes but the Americans said no. Word got back to America and everyone was in an uproar and they wanted to go to war with France hoping hat they could get French and Spanish land. But President Adams was like no we're weak and they're strong and y'all are stupid. Alien and Sedition Acts The Federalists wanted to make laws that would restrict the Democratic-Republicans political power. They passed the Alien Acts which authorized the president to deport any aliens considered dangerous and to detain any enemy aliens in time of war. They also passed the Sedition Act which made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize either the president or Congress and impose heavy penalties for editors who violated the law Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Republicans argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment, but there was no judicial review at that time. The Kentucky legislature adopted a resolution that had been written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia legislature adopted a resolution introduced by James Madison. Both resolutions declared that the states had entered into a "compact" in forming the national government, and, therefore if any act of the federal government broke the compact, a state could nullify the federal law. Only Kentucky and Virginia adopted their plans but eventually it was widely used in another crisis in the 1830s. Revolution of 1800 The change from Federalist rule to Democratic rule, a.k.a. the Election of 1800. During Adams' presidency, the Federalists lost a lot of popularity, so in the election of 1800, the Democratic-Republicans won the executive and legislative branches. However Jefferson and Burr got the same amount of votes for he Democrats so there was another vote in the House of Reps. (the Federalists were still in charge) and they chose Jefferson to be president infant industries Part of Hamilton's financial plan. Hamilton proposed to protect the young nation's new and developing industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods, supporting the interior economy national bank A commercial bank chartered by the federal government. Hamilton hoped to create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes to provide a basis for a stable US currency. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing bills of credit tariffs; excise taxes To pay the interest on this huge debt and to run the government Hamilton imposed a tariff. Tariff income depended on strong foreign trade another important link to the overall economic strategy of the new nation. Hamilton wanted additional income, in 1791 he secured from Congress an excise tax on a few domestic items, most notably whiskey. French Revolution Americans argued over the ideologies of the Europeans ideologies. Urban artisans supported the end of the monarchy in France. They formed clubs and called each other "citizen" Americans with strong religious beliefs condemned the new French government for closing Christian churches. Wealthy Americans feared a social revolution. many did not know where their alliance stood, because it was originally with the monarchy. "Citizen" Edmound Genet the french minister to the united states who began recruiting men from South Carolina for France, appealing directly to the American people to support the French Revolution Mt. Vernon Conference George Washington hosted this at his home in VA (1785); VA, MD, PA, and DE reps agreed that problems were serious enough with the Articles to prompt further discussions at a later meeting in Annapolis, MD, where the states might be represented Annapolis Convention A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. Only Rhode Island refused to send delegates Framers of Constitution The framers of the constitution were 55 white male delegates who went to Philadelphia for the convention in the summer of 1787, most were college educated and relatively young., George Washington was the chairperson; Ben Franklin was the elder statesman who unified the people; the direct Framers were James Madison (director, "father of the Constitution"), Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, and John Dickinson James Madison Nationalists/Federalists.The fourth President of the United States (). A member of the Continental Congress () and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. Alexander Hamilton Nationalists/Federalists. He was a part of the Continental Convention, ; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Gouverneur Morris United States statesman who led the committee that produced the final draft of the United States Constitution (). Authored most of the Preamble to the Constitution. John Dickinson Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. checks and balances A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power Virginia Plan Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with the power to repeal state laws, power to the people, and a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states because the representation would be decided by population New Jersey Plan Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. the smaller states didn't want to be bullied by larger states. this plan gave more power to the states and less to the government. Connecticut Plan; Great Compromise Plan which provided for a two house Congress; the Senate with two representatives per state and the House of Representatives with representatives based on population House of Representatives One of the two parts of Congress, considered the "lower house." Representatives are elected directly by the people, with the number of representatives for each state determined by the state's population. Senate Upper house of the legislature, each state elects two reps. Three-fifths Compromise; slave trade Counted each slave as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining the population of a state, which would be used for taxes and representation; Guaranteed no slaves imported for 20 yrs, at which time Congress could vote to abolish slave trade Commercial compromise The Commercial Compromise allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce( including foreign imports) yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree. electoral college system Delegates assign to each state a number of electors equal to the total of that state's representatives and senators; instituted because the delegates at Philadelphia feared that too much democracy might lead to mob rule Federalists Supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution. they tended to be most numerous along the Atlantic and in large cities Anti-Federalists They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. . The Antifederalists helped to have Bill of Rights passed as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. they tended to be more small farmers and western settlers. The Federalist Papers This collection of 85 essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. Bill of Rights; amendments Drafted by Madison in 1791; guarantees that Anti-Federalists wanted against possible abuses of power by the central (or federal) government legislative branch The lawmaking branch of government:Congress Congress The legislative branch of government, as described in Article I of the US Constitution, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. Primarily responsible for making laws. executive departments; cabinet Authorized by Constitution that president can appoint chiefs of departments as long as they are approved by Senate; 4 Heads of Departments; Jefferson as Secretary of State, Hamilton as secretary of treasury, Knox as secretary of war, and Randolph as attorney general These cabinet meetings were a basis for obtaining advice and information from key leaders. Henry Knox Secretary of War under Washington, he was a trusted general of the American Revolution; he was entrusted to protect the nation from enemies. Edmund Randolph 1st Attorney General, A delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional convention. He proposed the large state compromise of a bicameral legislature Judiciary Act (1789) This established a federal district court in each state and 3 circuit courts to hear appeals, with the Supreme Court having the final say. It also specified that cases arising in state courts involving federal laws could be appealed to the Supreme Court. This ensured that federal judges would have the last say on the meaning of the Constitution. federal courts The courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress Supreme Court The pinnacle of the American judicial system. The court ensures uniformity in interpreting national laws, resolves conflicts among states, and maintains national supremacy in law. It has both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction, but unlike other federal courts, it controls its own agenda. national debt The U.S.'s national debt included domestic debt owed to soldiers and others who had not yet been paid for their Revolutionary War services, plus foreign debt to other countries which had helped the U.S. The federal government also assumed all the debts incurred by the states during the war. Hamilton's program paid off these debts.