NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2023/2024)

NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2023/2024) What are the functions of the kidneys? - CORRECT ANSWER-Regulation of blood pressure; regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWER-dribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased stream What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - CORRECT ANSWER-ADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - CORRECT ANSWER-peripheral tissue insulin resistance What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - CORRECT ANSWERExophthalmos (bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxietyhyperthyroidism What processes occur during fasting? - CORRECT ANSWER-glucogenesis; glycogenesis What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER-adipose/ fat What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - CORRECT ANSWERmyxedema, fatigue, cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - CORRECT ANSWER-Goiter, fatigue, weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - CORRECT ANSWERfatigue, body aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - CORRECT ANSWERnumbness, tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - CORRECT ANSWER-fruity breath, drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - CORRECT ANSWERnegative feedback loop What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - CORRECT ANSWERGrowth Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH, ACTH and endorphins What is diabetes insipidus? - CORRECT ANSWER-a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of ADH which causes excessive water loss clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - CORRECT ANSWER-polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER-Excessive secretion of cortisol causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous abdomen. - Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch marks - • ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor - Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe psychiatric disturbance - Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-Weakness. - Fatigue. - Cold intolerance. - Constipation. - Weight gain. - Depression. - Joint or muscle pain. - Brittle fingernails. clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-fatigue. - lethargy. - sensitivity to cold. - depression. - muscle weakness. clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - CORRECT ANSWER-hypertension and hypokalemia clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - CORRECT ANSWER-High blood pressure. - Low level of potassium in the blood. - Feeling tired all the time. - Headache. - Muscle weakness. - Numbness. What is myxedema? - CORRECT ANSWER-severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hashimoto's disease: most common when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells - after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism - head or neck radiation for cancer - iodine deficiency What are the three p's in diabetes? - CORRECT ANSWER-polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER-Primary endocrine disease inhibits the action of downstream glands, malfunction of the hormone producing gland; Secondary endocrine disease is indicative of a problem with the pituitary gland. What is the cause of Cushing syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWER-Excessive corticosteroids What is acute gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Transient inflammation of the gastric mucosa What is chronic gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading to atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. This is mostly due to H. Pylori, but in some cases it can be autoimmune. What causes gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Acute - circulatory disturbances (shock) and exposure to exogenous irritants (drugs [aspirin], alcohol, chemicals, lactose intolerance) Chronic - cause is unknown is probably mediated by immunologic mechanism or related to infection with H. pylori What is amenorrhea? - CORRECT ANSWER-- absence of menstruation What is metrorrhagia? - CORRECT ANSWER-- bleeding between periods What is dysmenorrhea? - CORRECT ANSWER-- painful periods