Nursing 3100 Exam 2 Study Questions With Correct Answers

food sources of zinc - Answer Good: Legumes, Beans, Meats, Peas, Poultry, Nuts, Seafoods (crab meat), Oysters, Steaks, Bran cereals fortified with Zinc Bad: Yogurt, Milk, food sources of iron - Answer Good: Meat, Fish , Poultry (highest bioavailability) Spinach, Oysters, Legumes, Oysters Dried beans. Dried fruits. Eggs (especially egg yolks) Iron-fortified cereals. Liver. Lean red meat (especially beef) Oysters. Poultry, dark red meat. bad: oils and fats, sugar and candy food sources of magnesium - Answer Good: Tofu, Chili with beans, Wheat Germ, Cashews, Salmon, Choco chips, Bran Cereal, Spinich (raw), Milk, Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains, In general, foods containing dietary fiber provide magnesium. Magnesium is also added to some breakfast cereals and other fortified foods Bad: Oranges, Iceberg Lettuce, Poultry, Fish food sources for calcium - Answer milk, yogurt, cheese, sardines, salmon, fortified orange juice, fortified cereal 2. Impaired zinc absorption is related to disease of which organ? What ligand, synthesized and released from this organ, helps zinc to be absorbed? Where else is this ligand found? - Answer The pancraes synthesizes a Zn binding ligand (ZBL) called Picolinic Acid. This assists in the absorption of Zn into the body. Zinc is recycled Picolinic acid is also found in breast milk and is a sufficient source for the child for about 6 months. After this time, the child will need to begin eating meats 3. List 4 functions of zinc in the body - Answer Cofactor in Proteolytic Enzyme production (breaks proteins into amino acids) Acid/base balance (carbonic anhydrase) Breaks down pyruvate into lactate (glycolosis) Helps for lactose intolerance Immune functions wound healing 4. List 2 common sequelae of zinc deficiency in adults. - Answer Hypogonadism (impaired testosterone production) Dwarfism Impaired wound healing Acrodermatitis enteropathica- dry scaly skin (deficiency ZBL) hypogeusia/hyposmia (taste, smell) Zinc deficiency symptoms include growth and development problems, hair loss, diarrhea, impotence, eye and skin conditions, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms may include weight loss, delayed wound healing, taste changes, and mental slowness. 5. Name a common class of drugs used to treat hypertension that can deplete zinc. - Answer ACE inhibitors- Lower blood pressure 6. List 4 diseases/conditions in which adequate dietary magnesium may contribute to therapy. - Answer Diabetes- Usually causes more Mg to be excreted, but Mg supplements will slow progression of Type 2 Diabetes If insulin receptors are unresponsive then glucose....? Hypertension- Reduces Diastolic BP (works best with decreased Na and increased K intake) Asthma- sometimes Mg is increased for children with asthma because it can function as a bronchodialator Glucose- for Pt's who are hypoglycemic, Mg will help to keep their glucose levels closer to normal values. This occurs because Mg helps to move glucose into the urine Mitrial valve Prolapse- Reduces Blood pressure 7. What is a potential adverse effects in an older adult who self-medicates with high doses (> 4x RDA) magnesium-aluminum hydroxide antacids (such as Mylanta) or milk of magnesia (MOM)? - Answer This can cause renal toxicity and failure (builds up and kidney cannot filter fast enough and shuts down) Stroke like symptoms in extreme cases Altered Mental Status (???hypoglycemia???) urine retention Have to be aware of collective intake. There may be sources of Mg that we are not aware of in the Pt's history 8. What happens to magnesium in the body when an individual consumes high doses of calcium supplements? - Answer Calcium works as an antagonist against Mg and increases the amount excreted in urine Waste of Mg Recommended dose of Mg as well as calcium will reduce hypertension 9. What are 2 possible side effects of taking 10 times the RDA of zinc for a prolonged period of time? - Answer Decrease in High Density Lipoprotein (good cholesterol) Impair copper and Iron absorbtion Ulcerogenic (esp with NSAIDS) Prostate Cancer Ulcerogenic, esp. with NSAIDS, NICOTINIC ACID Decrease HDL(High Density Lipoprotein) Impair copper and iron absorption 10. Frequent, high does of zinc can deplete what other trace mineral? - Answer Prolonged Zinc consumption can Impair copper and Iron absorbtion 11. List at least 3 factors that enhance iron bioavailability and 4 factors that inhibit iron bioavailability. - Answer Enhance: Ferrous (+2) (reduced) most bio available (by 2-3 X) found in meats MFP Factor (Meat, Fish, Poultry) increases bioavailability of ferric (+3) Ascorbic acid (~25 mg) reduces ferric (+3) to ferrous (+2) Reduce: Phytates (grains, coffee) Tannin (tea) Calcium Carbonate (antacids) Helicobacter pylori infection 12. What 2 terms used on ingredient labels indicate that a highly bioavailable form of iron has been added to the food? - Answer Ferrous Iron heme iron reduced fe2 13. Excess iron levels in the body increase the risk for what 2 diseases? - Answer Hemosiderosis -iron overload disorder resulting in the accumulation of hemosiderin Hemochromatosis- absorb too much iron from good you eat. This action is genetic and the excess iron, if left untreated, can damage joints, organs, and eventually be fatal. 14. Why are the dosages in iron supplements typically 4 times the RDA? - Answer Bioabvailbiity is so low; that they has to hike up dose for it to work. 15. Which test can diagnose iron deficiency long before anemia develops? - Answer Serum Ferritin Levels (total body store of Iron) can indicate iron deficiency by looking at amount of iron stored in the body. The amount of ferritin in the blood (serum ferritin level) is directly related to the amount of iron stored in your body. 16. Why should adults be discouraged from self-medicating with iron supplements in the absence of diagnosed iron deficiency? - Answer Easy for to overload Increases risk of diseases listed above 17. Compare and contrast the characteristics and causes of microcytic, macrocytic, pernicious, and hypochromic anemias. - Answer Normochromic- Hypovolemic low levels of blood (acute blood loss)