CLEP Intro to Educational Psychology QUESTIONS AND READY CORRECT ANSWERS 2023/2024

CLEP Intro to Educational Psychology QUESTIONS AND READY CORRECT ANSWERS 2023/2024 Token Economy - correct answer A form of behavior modification using operant conditioning principles. Every time the patient displays the desired behavior, he is awarded a token (such as a star or a coin) that can be traded for a physical possession or special privilege. Pedagogy - correct answer The art of teaching. It encompasses different styles and methods of instructing. Instructional Theory - correct answer A theory which focuses on how to structure material to best teach students, especially young ones. This approach can be divided into two general approaches: cognitive and behavioral. Critical pedagogy - correct answer A teaching style which seeks to instruct students in how to recognize and rise up against oppression. This area of teaching is influenced by the works of Karl Marx. Law of Effect - correct answer A principle proposed by Edward Thorndike stating behaviors with positive outcomes will be repeated while those with negative outcomes will be avoided. Direct instruction - correct answer A type of instruction which involves the teacher systematically leading the students step by step to a particular learning goals. This type of teaching is best for learning math or other complex skills, but not for less structured tasks such as English composition. Academic Learning Time - correct answer The amount of time the student spends focused on his studies when he is successful at learning the material. Scheduled Time - correct answer The total length of the class. Allocated Time - correct answer The amount of class time devoted to teaching. Engaged Time - correct answer The amount of Allocated Time each individual student spends focused on the class. Active teaching - correct answer A method of pedagogy where the teacher actively looks for ways to improve the students' knowledge of a subject. Ways of doing this include actively presenting concepts, checking to see if the students understand, and reteaching any trouble areas for the students. Generative learning - correct answer A type of learning where the teacher encourages the students to find their own meaning in learning. The teacher will show relationships between the new subject matter and past learning and will encourage the students to have confidence in their own ability to make these connections. Two-sigma problem - correct answer According to researcher Benjamin Bloom, students with individual tutors generally perform two standard deviations (two "sigmas") above those in average classrooms. Norm-Referenced Testing - correct answer A testing procedure that measures an individual student's score relative to those of a representative group of students. These tests are used to rank students based on their skill levels compared to their peers. Criterion-Referenced Testing - correct answer A testing procedure that measures a student's mastery of a particular skill or understanding of a certain concept. The purpose of this kind of test is to measure whether a student has achieved a certain learning objective. Instruction - correct answer All sources that contribute to a student's learning. This term includes the teacher, the textbook, the principal, and any others who promote education. Carroll's Model of School Learning - correct answer A learning model that proposes that learning is a function of the ratio between the effort needed to the effort spent learning. learning=f(time spent/time needed)