PRAXIS: Professional School Counseling Exam 2024

Roles for Elementary school Counselors - help students develop academic self concept, teach decision making skills, communication and life skills Roles for Middle School counselors - help with transition from childhood to adolescents. help students establish identity, help students explore interests and make connections between school and work. Role for High School Counselors - help studens transition to adulthood and the roles and responsibilities that come with it. help guide students towards graduation and post secondary education schooling. Bandura: Observational learning theory - behavior can be learned through the observation of others Erikson: Socioemotional development - initiative Vs. Guit (exploration) (ages 3-5) Industry Vs. inferiority (school) (ages 5-12) Identity vs. Role confusion(social relationships) (12-18) Intimacy vs. Isolation (relationships) (ages 18-40) Kohlberg: Stages of Moral Development - pre conventional: punishment/obdience (infancy-PK) conventional: concordance with authority, what s deemed good/bad (School age) post conventional: social contract/ethics of morality (teens into adulthood) Piaget: Stages of Cognitive development - Sensorimotor (0-2): experience the world through senses Pre operational (2-7): representing things through words and images concrete operational (7-11): logical thinking ,math Formal operational (11+): abstract reasoning Carl Rogers - Person centered therapy self actualization congruent importance of therapeutic relationship B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning reinforcement and punishment Rogers Incongruent Vs. Congruent - incongruent: difficult to self actualize. large diff between self image and ideal self congruent: likely to self actualize. self image is similar to ideal self. Brofenbrenners Ecological theory - you Microsystem (immediate environment) mesosystem (connections) excosystem (indirect enviornment) macrosystem (social, cultural values) chronosystem (changes over time) Family Systems theory - Family is made up of independent individuals and subsystems. whole is greater than sum of parts Vygotsky - Socialization affects the learning process of an individual. Consciousness or awareness as the result of socialization. Pavlov - Classical conditioning: making associations between events in the environment. REBT (rational emotive behavioral therapy) A-B-C - Rational beleifs Antecedent events- Belief- Consequence ((ABC)) Albert Ellis Blooms taxonomy of learning - Describes 6 levels of knowledge (lowest to highest functioning reqired) KCAASE • Knowledge • Comprehension • Application • Analysis • Synthesis • Evaluation Wechsler intelligence scale for children - Identify gifted children, learning disabilities, and seeing student's abilities compared to those in the general population. Aptitude test - Determine a persons ability in a particular skill or field of knowledge self directed search form R: 4th edition (CAREER TEST) - Uses Holland's codes to assist students identifying possible college majors and occupations based on personality. Achievement related data - Provides the mot convincing evidence of program effectiveness Occupation information network (O NET) - Enables students to link career assessments to interest, abilities, and values