Solutions Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS Exercise Answers ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 2 Exercise 1.1 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 2 Exercise 1.2 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 6 Exercise 1.3 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 9 Exercise 1.4 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 11 Exercise 1.5 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 14 Exercise 1.6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 16 EXERCISE ANSWERS EXERCISE 1.1 Part I 1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to have just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within hemoglobin molecules in blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules. C: Carbon monoxi de diminishes the oxygen -carrying capacity of blood. 2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests. C: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it. 3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sente nces of courts, as well as in any other manner, is with reason classed among the just causes of war. C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other countries are concerned. 4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it that they might have had. C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. 5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relatio nships and order. P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. P3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events. P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories. C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature. 6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland. P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not be en in contact in the last several million years. C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland 7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories. P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after a good night’s sleep. P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving. C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep. 8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academi c success of the average student. P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all levels, including the superintendent. 9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless b oth parties to the agreement know what they are doing and freely choose to do it. C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose exactly what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are. 10. P1: Punishmen t, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior. P2: Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives. C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior that the person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be suppressed. 11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry. P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to enter the industry in the long run. P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater efficiency. C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own. 12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse, trapping their sleeping Doberman inside. P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him --he'll glare at you and say, "I don't think so. You should have gotten a dog." C: Cats can think circles around dogs. 13. P1: Priva te property helps people define themselves. P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence. P3: Private property is finite. C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from accumulating the necessities of life. 14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good. P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing. C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists. 15. P1: The average working man can s upport no more than two children. P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent fashion. C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than two children at most. 16. P1: The nations of pla net earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal to more than a million Hiroshima bombs. P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough soot, smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a nuclear winter that would threaten the survival of the human race. C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions. 17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the co mpost heap. P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap again and again. C: Apparently the communication is highly effective. 18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought t o aim at some good. C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim. 19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle -class professionals in social work, penology and public health. P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of bureaucracies dependent on the existence of poverty. C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non -poor. 20. P1: Corn is an annual crop. P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow. P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food (meat) than the other. C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of the price. 21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend. P2: Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. C: Neither a borrower nor lender be. 22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through unnecessary surgery. P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of new rapid -transit vehicles. P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and overspending. P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own careers may be at risk. C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high. 23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua employer to know it. P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the descri ption of most jobs P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance. C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination of the hiring of a job applicant. 24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is prem ature aging of the skin. P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most worrisome, it plays a role in skin cancer. C: Too much sun can lead to health problems. 25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is simply avoiding suffocation. P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen -laden water into their mouths, over their gills, and out through the gill slits.
