Human Physiology Exam 1 Actual Questions With Correct Answers Success Guaranteed.

Physiology - correct answer The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes. Levels of Organization in the Human Body - correct answer 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Organelles 4. Cells 5. Tissues 6. Organs 7. Organs Systems 8. Organisms The Organ Systems of the Human Body - correct answer 1. Circulatory 2. Digestive 3. Endocrine 4. Lymphatic 5. Integumentary 6. Muscular 7. Skeletal 8. Nervous 9. Reproductive (male and female) 10. Urinary Themes of Physiology - correct answer 1. Structure and function are closely related 2. Living organisms need energy 3. Information flow coordinates body functions 4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability 5. Evolution Homeostasis - correct answer Process by which organisms maintain and regulate a relatively stable internal environment. Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - correct answer The fluid found outside or around cells. Includes Interstitial fluid and plasma. Intracellular Fluid (ICF) - correct answer Fluid found within the cells. The Law of Mass Balance - correct answer The Law that states that the amount of a substance in the body remains constant, and that any gain must be offset by an equal loss. (Input must equal Output) The Law of Mass Balance (equation) - correct answer Total amount of substance x in the body = intake + production - excretion - metabolism Input components in the body - correct answer Water, nutrients, oxygen, other gases, volatile molecules, lipid soluble chemicals enter the body through the intestines, lungs, and skin. Also includes metabolic production. Output components in the body - correct answer Excretion waste by kidneys, liver, lungs and skin. Also includes the conversion of a substance to another substance through metabolism. Mass Flow (equation) - correct answer = concentration of x (amount x/vol) * volume flow (vol/min) Response Loop - correct answer Stimulus ~> sensor ~> input signal ~> integrating center ~> output signal ~> target ~> response Feedback Loop - correct answer A physiological reflex in which the response "feeds back" to influence the input portion of the pathway thus ending the reflex response. Negative Feedback - correct answer A homeostatic pathway in which the response opposes or removes the signal. Positive Feedback - correct answer A non-homeostatic pathway in which the response reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it. Major Essential Elements - correct answer 1. Carbon------- 2. Hydrogen-------Most essential 3. Oxygen----- 4. Nitrogen 5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfur Biomolecules - correct answer Organic molecules associated with living organisms. The 4 groups of biomolecules - correct answer 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleotides Conjugated Proteins - correct answer Protein molecules combined with another kind of biomolecules Glycosylated - correct answer Molecules to which a carbohydrate has been attached. Lipids - correct answer The biomolecules have a backbone of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids. Includes lipid related steroids. Carbohydrates - correct answer These biomolecules are the most abundant and can be divided into three categories: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides - correct answer These carbohydrates are the simplest sugars and considered the building blocks of the more complex carbohydrates. Include Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA), Fructose, Glucose, Galactose. Disaccharides - correct answer These carbohydrates consists of Glucose and another monosaccharide. Include Sucrose(Fructose+Glucose), Maltose(Glucose+Glucose), Lactose(Glucose+Galactose) Polysaccharides - correct answer These carbohydrates are Glucose polymers and all living cells store glucose for energy in this form. Includes Glycogen in animals and Starch in plants Proteins - correct answer These biomolecules are polymers of amino acids (there are 20 different amino acids) which have a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and a hydrogen attached. Nucleotides - correct answer These biomolecules play an important role in energy and information transfer. They include one or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Single Nucleotide Molecules - correct answer These type of nucleotides molecules help capture and transfer energy in high-energy e- or phosphate bonds and aid in cell to cell communication. Ex: ATP, ADP, NAD, FAD, and cAMP. Functional Groups - correct answer These are combinations of elements that tend to move from molecule to molecule as a single unit. 1. Amino (-NH2) 2. Carboxyl (-COOH) 3. Hydroxyl (-OH) 4. Phosphate (-H2PO4) Important Ions of the Body - correct answer Cations 1. Sodium (Na+) 2. Potassium (K+) 3.Calcium (Ca++) 4.Hydrogen (H+) 5.Magnesium (Mg++) Anions 6.Chloride (Ch-) 7.Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 8. Phosphate (HPO4--) 9. Sulfate (SO4--) Characteristics of e- - correct answer -can form covalent bonds -gained of lost create ions -capture and store energy -create free radicals Fibrous Protein - correct answer This protein may be B-pleated sheets or long chains of A-helices that are insoluble in water and from important structural components of cells and tissues. Globular Protein - correct answer This protein has an amino acid chain that folds back on itself to create a complex tertiary structure that contains pockets, channels, or protruding knobs. The pH of Blood - correct answer 7.40 pH Buffer - correct answer Any substance that moderates changes in pH Ex: Bicarbonate anion Protein Categories - correct answer 1. Enzymes 2. Membrane transporters 3. Signal molecules 4. Receptors 5. Binding proteins 6. Immunoglobulins 7. Regulatory proteins Enzymes - correct answer These types of protein are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. Membrane transporters - correct answer These type of protein help move substances back and forth between the ICF and ECF. Signal molecules - correct answer These type of protein act as hormones and other signal molecules Receptors - correct answer These type of protein bind signal molecules and initiate response Binding proteins - correct answer These type of protein bind and transport molecules throughout the body Immunoglobulins - correct answer These type of proteins are extracellular immune proteins, also called antibodies Regulatory proteins - correct answer These type of proteins turn cell processes on and off or up and down Ligand - correct answer Any molecule or in that binds to another molecule Affinity - correct answer The degree to which a protein is attracted to a ligand Law of Mass Action - correct answer This law states that when a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of he products to the substrates is always the same Competitors - correct answer The related ligands compete for the binding sites are said to be this. Agonist - correct answer These are competing ligands that mimic each other's actions Isoforms - correct answer These are closely related proteins whose function is similar but whose affinity for ligands differs Proteolytic Activation - correct answer When the protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed Allosteric Activation - correct answer This is a modulator that binds to protein away from binding sites and turns it on Cofactors - correct answer These are required for an active bonding site for most proteins and enzymes Competitive Inhibitor - correct answer This type of inhibition blocks ligand binding at the binding site Allosteric Inhibitor - correct answer This is a modulator that binds to protein away from binding site and inactivates the bonding site Factors that Influence Protein Activity - correct answer 1. Temperature and pH 2. Amount of protein 3. Amount of ligand The cell membrane - correct answer This membrane contains Carbohydrates, Proteins, Chlesterol, Phospholipids/Sphigolipids Integral Protein - correct answer These type of protein are tightly bound to the membrane. Include Transmembrane protein, and lipid-anchored protein Peripheral Protein - correct answer These proteins are attached to other membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions. Include enzymes and some structural binding protein that are anchored to the cytoskeleton Transmembrane Protein - correct answer These are protein chains that extend all the way across the cell membrane Glycocalyx - correct answer These are membrane carbohydrates that attach to glycoproteins or glycolipids and are found exclusively on the external surface of the cell where they from a protective layer and cell recognition Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers - correct answer These protein fibers have to purposes: structural support and movement. Include: 1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate filaments 3. Microtubules Microfilaments - correct answer These are the thinnest protein fibers also called actin fibers Intermediate Filaments - correct answer These are a type of protein fiber that are made up of different types of protein including keratin, and neurofilament