AP Psychology: Exam Study Questions and Answers with Complete Verified Solutions Graded A

Pathway of Vision light - cornea - pupil/iris - lens - retina - rods/cons - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - occipital lobe Cornea Clear, protective cover on the eye Pupil/iris Controls light entering the eye Lens Focuses light onto retina Fovea Best vision (cones) Rods black/white, dim light Cones Colors, bright light Bipolar cells Connects rods/cones and ganglion cells Ganglion cells opponent-processing occurs here Blind spot The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye Feature detectors Cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc. and are located in the occipital lobe Opponent processing theory Red/green, blue/yellow, black/white cancel out (after image) Trichromatic theory Red, green, and blue cones (explains color blindness- the cones type is missing) Visual capture Vision wins Stroboscopic movement Motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animations) Interposition Overlapping images appear closer Relative size Object farther away is smaller Relative clarity Blurry objects are farther away Texture gradient More textured objects are closer Relative height Object higher up on the page (closer to horizon) and farther away Linear Perspective The longer the lines, the closer they are Retinal disparity image is cast slightly different on each retinal, location of image helps us determine depth Convergence Eyes cross when an object gets closer Top down processing Previous knowledge (whole) - smaller parts Example: if the letters in a word are mix-matched, as long as the first and last letter are in the same spot, the word can be read correctly Bottom up processing sensory info from stimulus - whole Example: When you read, you read each letter to make a full word. Auditory pathway Sound - pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane (ear drum) - ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) - oval window - cochlea - auditory nerve - temporal lobe Outer ear Pinna and auditory canal Middle ear Tympanic membrane, ossicles Inner ear Cochlea (processes sound first) Place theory location where hair cells bends determines sound (high pitches) Frequency theory rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches) Conduction deafness Ossicles break (middle ear) and cannot be fixed Nerve deafness