Epidemiology definition correct answers The study of the distribution and
determinants of health related states
or events in specified populations,
and the application of this study to
the prevention and control of health
problems
Underlying premise of epidemiology correct answers disease d...
PBH 354 exam 1, PBH354 Exam 2, PBH354 Exam 3 || with Complete Solutions.
Epidemiology definition correct answers The study of the distribution and
determinants of health related states
or events in specified populations,
and the application of this study to
the prevention and control of health
problems
Underlying premise of epidemiology correct answers disease distributions are not random (not due to chance alone)
Epidemiology investigates what types of health outcomes? correct answers - Infectious diseases
- Chronic diseases
- Disability, injury, limitation of activity
- Mortality
- Active life expectancy
- Mental illness, suicide, drug addiction
Mortality correct answers Number of deaths recorded divided by the total population
morbidity correct answers number with a disease out of a population at one moment.
Aims and Levels of Epidemiology correct answers • To describe the health status of
populations
• To explain the etiology of disease
• To predict the occurrence of disease
• To control the occurrence of disease
Common Assumptions of
Epidemiology correct answers Human disease does not occur at random
• Human disease has causal and preventive
factors that can be identified through
systematic investigation of different
populations or subgroups of individuals
within a population in different places or
at different times
Examples of determinants correct answers • Biologic agents—bacteria
• Chemical agents—carcinogens
• Less specific factors—stress,
drinking, sedentary lifestyle, or highfat
diet Characteristics that determine effectiveness of a vector correct answers Agent (causes the disease), Host, Environmental surroundings
primary intervention correct answers prevents initial development of disease
Secondary intervention correct answers Early detection allows us to reduce severity/complications
Tertiary Intervention correct answers Reduces the impact of the disease (ie rehab)
Miasma Theory of Disease correct answers William Farr - 19th Century - stated that bad air was generated from rotting organic matter and caused most epidemic disease. Farr also advocated for the recording of death statistics in the UK.
John Snow correct answers Linked water as source for cholera. Shoe leather epidemiologist in the early 1900s
Landmark Epidemiology
Studies correct answers Fluoride Supplementation (1940s)
Framingham Heart Study (1948)
Salk Vaccine Field Trial (1954)
Smoking and Health (1964)
John Graunt correct answers First to calculate epdiemic morbidity and mortality data in london in 1662
Edward Jenner correct answers 18th century english doctor credited with finding that cow pox victims didn't get small pox.
Ignaz Semmelweis correct answers 1850s physician in Vienna. Found that midwives had lower mortality rates for children because of cleaner hands than doctors. Intorduced the idea of
Koch Postulates (1884) correct answers First, the germ must be found growing abundantly in every patient and every diseased tissue.
• Second, the germ must be isolated and grown in the laboratory.
• Third, the purified germ must cause the disease again in another host.
• Fourth, it must be retrieved from the sick animal and cultured again.
Plagues in Europe by century correct answers 14TH Leprosy
• 15TH Plague
• 16TH Syphilis
• 17TH & 18TH
- Smallpox
• 19TH
- Scarlet fever
- Measles - Tuberculosis
• 20TH
- Influenza pandemic
- AIDS
Definition of a Vector correct answers Any living non human carrier of disease that
transports and serves the process of disease
transmission.
Direct disease transmission correct answers Skin to Skin and Large Droplet Spread
Indirect disease transmission correct answers Airborne, Vehicle-borne (food, water), Vector-
borne (flies, animate things)
Active Carrier correct answers Individual who has been exposed to and harbors a disease-
causing organism. They continue doing so even if they have recovered from the disease.
Convalescent carrier correct answers Harbors a pathogen and is still pathogenic when the host is recovering from disease.
Healthy Carrier correct answers a person or other organism that has contracted an infectious disease, but who displays no symptoms. Although unaffected by the disease themselves, carriers can transmit it to others.
Infectivity correct answers the ability of an agent to cause infection in a susceptible host.
Pathogenicity correct answers the ability of a microbial agent to induce disease.
Virulence correct answers the severity of the disease after infection occurs.
Influenza Virus Composition correct answers Virus type/Geographic Origin/strain number/year of isolation/ (Virus subtype)
ie) A/Beijing/32/1992 (H3N2)
1918 influenza correct answers High case fatality rate (2.5% compared to 0.1% in most other pandemics). Likely derived from birds. Most virulent strain since then was H3N2 1968 strain. In most pandemics, there is a weak spring strain and a stronger late fall/winter strain of influenza.
Passive Surveillance correct answers Reporting mandated or requested from health care provider or district health officer. Under reporting is likely.
Active Surveillance correct answers Project staff go into the field to identify cases. More difficult to develop and can be very expensive.
Prevalence formula in terms of incidence correct answers Incidence x duration of disease
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