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Exam (elaborations)

Echo Boards Questions and Answers

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D-Transposition of the great arteries Ans- LV/RV normal orientation. Aorta leaves RV, Pulm Valve leaves LV - Needs balloon septostomy, otherwise not compatible with life L-Transposition of the great arteries (Congenitally corrected transposition) Ans- The aorta arises from the ventricle that is...

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  • August 2, 2024
  • 54
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • ECHO
  • ECHO
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Echo Boards Questions
and Answers


D-Transposition of the great arteries


Ans- LV/RV normal orientation. Aorta leaves RV, Pulm Valve leaves LV


- Needs balloon septostomy, otherwise not compatible with life




L-Transposition of the great arteries (Congenitally corrected transposition)


Ans- The aorta arises from the ventricle that is positioned on the Left (RV),

the Pulmonary artery arises from the ventricle on the right (LV). The AV valves

follow the ventricles (Tricuspid with RV, Mitral with LV)


- Aorta Anterior to pulmonary trunk


- associated with: HFrEF, VSD, pulmonary stenosis, dextrocardia, CHB




LV Mass equation

,Ans- LV mass = 0.8 x 1.04 x [(IVS+LVIDD+PWT)^3 - LVIDD ^3] +0.6




Relative Wall Thickness equation


Ans- RWT = (2 x PWT) / LVIDD




Relative Wall Thickness (RWT) (4 x 4 table)


Ans-




LA Size


Ans- Normal: 16-34


Mildly:35-41


Moderate: 42-48


Severe: >48




RV Size for dilation


Ans- Length > 83mm


Mid diameter >35mm

,Basal Diameter > 41mm




RV Fractional area change


Ans- <35% = abnormal


FAC = [(RVED area - RVES area)/ RVED area] x 100




TEE absolute contraindications


Ans- - Esophageal perforation


- Active upper GI bleed


- Esophageal tumors/strictures (obstruction)


- Esophageal diverticulum (ex. Zenker's diverticulum)




Treatment for Methemoglobinemia


Ans- Methylene blue




LVOT area equation


Ans- LVOT area = pi (LVOT diameter/ 2)^2 = 0.785 x LVOT diameter^2

, AVA (continuity equation)


Ans- AVA = LVOT area x LVOT VTI / AV VTI




Pressure half time (PHT) relation to declaration time (DT)


Ans- PHT is 29% of DT


PHT = 0.29 x DT




Mitral valve area (MVA) calculation from PHT


Ans- MVA = 220 / PHT




Bernoulli Equation


Ans- Pressure gradient = 4V^2




Bernoulli Equation for:


RVSP =


PAEDP = (Pulm valve)

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