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Exam (elaborations)

Echo Boards Questions and Answers

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When does simplified Bernoulli equation not apply in aortic valve assessment? Ans- When proximal velocity is > 1.5 m/sec Doppler frequency shift equation Ans- Doppler shift = (2 x velocity of sample relative to source x transducer frequency x cos[θ]) / speed of sound in the tissue Will lo...

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  • August 2, 2024
  • 32
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • ECHO
  • ECHO
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Echo Boards Questions
and Answers


When does simplified Bernoulli equation not apply in aortic valve assessment?


Ans- When proximal velocity is > 1.5 m/sec




Doppler frequency shift equation


Ans- Doppler shift = (2 x velocity of sample relative to source x transducer

frequency x cos[θ]) / speed of sound in the tissue




Will lower or higher transducer frequency minimize aliasing?


Ans- Lower frequency, because for the same detected velocity, the frequency

shift will be lower in absolute magnitude for a lower-frequency transducer than

for a higher-frequency transducer. Using a transducer with lower frequency

allows higher velocities to be detected prior to encountering the Nyquist limit.

,EROA equation


Ans- EROA = (2πr2 x aliasing velocity [cm/sec]) / Vmax [cm/sec]




When in the cardiac cycle is the aortic annulus measured?


Ans- peak systole




Speed of ultrasound in soft tissue


Ans- 1540 m/sec




Abbas equation for PVR


Ans- PVR = (TR velocity/ RVOT VTI) x 10 + 0.16.




Indications to end dobutamine stress for pseudoAS


Ans- 1. Max dise reached (20 mg/kg/min).


2. Heart rate rises 10-20 bpm above baseline or exceeds 100 bpm


3. Symptoms, blood pressure fall, or significant arrhythmia.

,4. Positive result obtained, which is defined as:


A. An increase in AVA to a final area >1 cm2


B. AS jet velocity ≥4 m/sec or mean gradient >30-40 mm Hg


C. Absence of contractile reserve (failure to increase the stroke volume by

>20%).




What is duty factor? And how does changing depth affect this?


Ans- The percentage of time that the ultrasound system is transmitting sound

(pulses). More depth decreases duty factor




ACC Stages of MR


Ans- A: at risk, no hemodynamic consequences


B: progressive, not severe, some hemodynamic consequences


C1: severe, asymptomatic, LVESD < 40 mm, LVEF > 60


C2: severe, asymptomatic, LVESD > 40 mm or LVEF < 60


D: symptomatic severe

, Wilkins Score


Ans-




PHT and DT relationship


Ans- PHT = 0.29 x DT




MVA and PHT


Ans- 220/PHT




MVA and DT


Ans- 759/DT




MR Carpentier Class


Ans- Type 1: normal leaflet position and movement


Type 2: excess movement


Type 3a: Restrictive motion in systole and diastole (rheumatic, MAC, drug

induced)

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