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Exam 1)NSG 533 Exam 1: Study Guide: Questions & Answers: Updated APlus Guide $7.99
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Exam 1)NSG 533 Exam 1: Study Guide: Questions & Answers: Updated APlus Guide
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define cell necrosis (Ans- - irreversible injury - rapid plasma membrane structure loss - organelle swelling - mitochondrial dysfunction what happens in cell necrosis (Ans- - cell membrane is ruptured - leakage of cell contents - ATP is lost - organelles swell - severe mitochond...

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  • August 10, 2024
  • 25
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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NSG 533 Exam 1 Study Guide: Questions &
Answers

define cell necrosis
(Ans-
- irreversible injury
- rapid plasma membrane structure loss
- organelle swelling
- mitochondrial dysfunction

what happens in cell necrosis
(Ans-
- cell membrane is ruptured
- leakage of cell contents
- ATP is lost
- organelles swell
- severe mitochondrial damage
- local inflammation

define apoptosis
(Ans- programmed cell death; not associated with inflammation

list the three mechanisms of apoptosis
(Ans-
1. apoptosis triggered by internal signals: mitochondrial pathway
2. apoptosis triggered by external signals: death receptor pathway
3. apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)

describe the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis
(Ans-
- outer membrane of cells have a protein called Bcl-2, which inhibits
apoptosis

,- internal cell damage results in a protein called Bax to go to the surface
and block Bcl-2
- Bax punches holes in the mitochondrial membrane
- cytochrome c leaks out and binds to Apaf-1 (apoptosomes)
- apoptosomes bind to and activate caspase 9
- initiates cascade of caspases
- destruction of structural proteins and degradation of chromosomal DNA
- phagocytosis

describe the death receptor pathway of apoptosis
(Ans-
- FAS and TNF are death receptor proteins on the cell membrane
- Fasl activates FAS and TNF by binding them to a ligand
- activation triggers caspase 8
- initiates cascade of caspases
- phagocytosis

describe apoptosis inducing factor
(Ans-
- cell receives signal that it is time to die
- AIF is released from mitochondria
- AIF migrates to the nucleus and binds to DNA
- triggers destruction of cell death

what are two viruses that "trick" apoptosis?
(Ans-
1. HPV
2. Epstein Barr Virus

list five examples of cell adaptation
(Ans-
1. atrophy
2. metaplasia
3. dysplasia
4. hypertrophy

, 5. hyperplasia

define atrophy in cell adaptation
(Ans- when there is decreased work demand, the cell decreases in size to
work at a more efficient level

define metaplasia in cell adaptation
(Ans- response to chronic irritation in which a cell that is better able to
survive replaces the original cell

define dysplasia in cell adaptation
(Ans- maladaptation; deranged cell growth and differentiation within a
specific tissue; precursor of cancer

define hypertrophy in cell adaptation
(Ans- when there are increased work demands, the cell increases in size

define hyperplasia in cell adaptation
(Ans- an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that is
capable of mitotic division

aging is thought to be the result of:
(Ans-
1. faulty DNA repair mechanisms
2. reduced antioxidants

define intracellular fluid
(Ans- all the fluid within the cells (2/3 of total body water)

define extracellular fluid
(Ans- all the fluid outside of the cells (1/3 of total body water)

what makes up extracellular fluid
(Ans-
1. interstitial fluid (3/4)

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