Cognitive Psychology 334 final/exam || All Answers Are Correct 100%.
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Course
Cognitive Psychology 334
Institution
Cognitive Psychology 334
What is the role of the amygdala in emotion and what is the significance of its nearby connections? correct answers it modulates the storage of declarative memories, there should be different forgetting curves for arousing and non-arousing stimuli.
Define emotion, differentiating it from mood, a...
Cognitive Psychology 334 final/exam || All Answers Are
Correct 100%.
What is the role of the amygdala in emotion and what is the significance of its nearby
connections? correct answers it modulates the storage of declarative memories, there should be
different forgetting curves for arousing and non-arousing stimuli.
Define emotion, differentiating it from mood, attitudes, and motivation. correct answers 1. short
duration, synchronized responses (can include bodily responses, facial expression, subjective
evaluation) indicating evaluation of an internal or external event as significant.
- mood is diffuse affective state of low intensity and relatively long duration.
- Attitudes are relatively enduring affectively-colored beliefs, preferences & predispositions.
- Motivations are propensity to action that is a component of some affective responses.
Differentiate direct vs. indirect assessment of emotion; which brain areas are involved in each
type of assessment. correct answers direct assessment - direct questions, using introspection.
These are affected by cultural conventions. Relies on hippocampus (declarative memory)
VS
indirect assessment
Psychophysiological - Measuring autonomic nervous system activity. Sympathetic vs.
parasympathetic branch. Methods:
1.Skin conductance
2.Startle reflex - potentiated eyeblink startle. We blink harder when startled more.
●
This relies on the amygdala - conditioned autonomic responses (less conscious).
Understand how emotion is learned through: Classical Conditioning, correct answers a. Fear
conditioning -- Neutral stimulus paired with aversive or fearful event.
b. Autonomic conditioning -- bodily responses such as arousal.
c. Evaluative conditioning -- expressed through a preference or attitude. This is the goal of
advertising.
Understand how emotion is learned through: Operant Conditioning correct answers If we do
something that leads to a good result (reward), we are more likely to repeat that behavior, and if
we do something that leads to a bad result (punishment), that behavior is less likely to be
repeated.
Operant conditioning depends on our taking an action that can be rewarded.
Mesolymbic dopamine pathway reward circuitry is involved. Activation of striatum by reward.
Understand how emotion is learned through: instruction correct answers learning through verbal
communication (instruction).
, Understand how emotion is learned through: observational learning correct answers Learning
emotional responses to neutral stimuli that are directly linked to aversive consequences
Understand how emotion is learned through: mere exposure correct answers The mere exposure
effect is based on familiarity, and so only the (repeated) presentation of the stimulus is necessary.
Although the mere exposure effect results from familiarity, it does not require recollection of
previous experience with the stimulus.
How do arousal, stress, and mood influence memory. How and why can emotion capture
attention? correct answers Emotional arousal can enhance recollection.
If arousal, via the amygdala, modulates the storage of declarative memories, there should be
different forgetting curves for arousing and nonarousing stimuli
Prolonged stress and extreme arousal can impair memory performance
mood congruency effect: happy people remember happy things better, sad people remember sad
things more
Ochsner & Gross (2005)
Under what circumstances can cognitive control of emotion occur? correct answers reappraisal
implicated in placebo responses
i) by high-level expectations for beliefs about, and interpretations of, stimuli, or (ii) by learning
to associate new emotional responses with stimuli.
Understand properties of language and the key ones that distinguish human from animal
language. correct answers 1. communicative -- one or more persons who share our language.
2. arbitrarily symbolic-- creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and its referent.
3. regularly structured - only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning;
different arrangements have different meanings.
4. structured at multiple levels -- the structure of language can be analyzed at multiple levels
(e.g., sounds, meaning units, words, phrases).
5. generative, productive -- within the limits of a linguistic structure, language users can produce
novel utterances, and the possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless.
To know a language is to know how to create in it.
6. dynamic -- languages constantly evolve.
Differentiate morphemes from phonemes and understand the hierarchy of language. Understand
that sounds differ in manner of production, voicing, and place of articulation. correct answers
Phonemes - basic unit of spoken language
vs
Morphemes - smallest unit of meaning ex.((boy)s)
sentence-->: phrase --> word ---> morpheme --> phoneme
What do language errors tell us about language production and development? correct answers we
learn from our mistakes
semantic violations - make you say what
and syntactic violations - incomprehensible
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