1. Advanced directives can and should be reviewed regularly and updated with
changes as a patient’s wishes for care changes throughout their lives to have the
most up to date information. This information should be shared with loved ones
and written in terms that others can understand.
2. Half-value layer = The thickness of the material required to reduce the intensity
of the radiation beam by half.
3. The first step taken when a patient is in cardiac arrest is to call for help.
4. MLCs create various field shapes to match the shape of a tumor.
5. Direct contact: The host physically touches the source of infection.
6. Fractionation: the total dose of radiation delivered is broken up into multiple
treatments of smaller doses the course of days or weeks.
7. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is an acute response to radiation that can affect teeth,
gums, appetite, and ability to eat and drink normally.
8. Disinfection: Eliminates most pathogenic organisms on medical equipment,
while sterilization kills all microorganisms and their spores on medical
equipment.
9. Barium-sulfate compounds are common positive contrast agents that are taken
orally or rectally. These compounds are used to enhance organs such as the
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum.
10. Kidneys filter creatinine from the blood and excrete it through urine.
11. Stage IV tumors have spread to distant organs (metastatic spread).
12. Respondeat superior: “Let the master answer” = employers are liable for the
negligent acts of their employees.
13. Gadolinium-based agents are rare earth metals and are used more specifically for
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
14. Consent forms ensure that the patient understands the risks and benefits of
treatment as well as the risks of not having treatment or alternative options.
, 15. To disinfect radiation therapy equipment properly, a high-level disinfectant
solution should be used.
16. Proper body mechanics include: the lifter should stand with feet separated for a
wide base and one foot should be in front of the other and the lifter should keep
the weight of what they are lifting close to themselves. When bending, use knees
and hips, not the waist.
17. BUN, creatinine and eGFR evaluate kidney function.
18. Risk factors for adverse reactions to contrast media include: previous reactions
to contrast media, severe allergies to food and/or medications, history of
hypertension, asthma, bronchospasms, cardiac disease and/or renal disease, and
ages older than 50.
19. Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening reaction to a drug & contrast allergy.
20. Palliative intent has a goal to control symptoms and improve quality of life for
the patient.
21. According to Emami et. al., the TD 5/5 for 3/3 of the heart is 40 Gy or 4000 cGy.
22. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a risk factor associated with cervical cancers.
23. Half-life is defined as the time it takes for a radioactive material to decay to half
of its original amount.
24. Cesium-137 and Iridium-192 are common sources used in brachytherapy.
25. Vectors include mosquitos, fleas, and ticks that carry infectious agents. Bites from
infected insects or animals would be an example of vector-borne transmission.
26. An advanced directive is a legal document that specifies what the patient would
want to occur in their healthcare when they are no longer able to make conscious
decisions, such as a living will or advanced directive. A healthcare proxy is power
of attorney, or someone the patient has chosen to make health care decisions for
the patient when they are unable to.
27. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects and
secures patient’s healthcare data and privacy.
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