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MCAT- Biological and Biochemical foundations of living systems || All Questions Answered Correctly.
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(*Molecular Biology) Hydrolases correct answers Enzymes that catalyze reactions between a specific substrate and water in order to break a covalent bond. (*Molecular Biology) pI (Isoelectric point) of an amino acid correct answers The pH at which an amino acid carries no electrical charge ...

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  • August 16, 2024
  • 16
  • 2024/2025
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  • Questions & answers

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  • molecular biology hydrolases correct

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  • MCAT- Biological and Biochemical foundations of li
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MCAT- Biological and Biochemical foundations of living
systems || All Questions Answered Correctly.
(*Molecular Biology)
Hydrolases correct answers Enzymes that catalyze reactions between a specific substrate and
water in order to break a covalent bond.

(*Molecular Biology)
pI (Isoelectric point) of an amino acid correct answers The pH at which an amino acid carries no
electrical charge (average of the pKa's of the carboxyl and amino group)

(*Genetics)
Silent Mutations correct answers Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence

(*Molecular Biology)
When are Amino acid substitutions least disruptive? correct answers These are least disruptive to
protein structure when the R-group maintains the previous amino acid's non-polar or polar
properties

(*Genetics)
In x-linked inheritance, how are alleles distributed? correct answers Males receive one allele
from the mother (on X) and none from the father (provides Y).

(*Genetics)
How do dominant disorders proceed across generations? correct answers They do not skip
generations

(*Genetics)
What form of transmission is characteristic of X-linked disorders? correct answers Mother to
Son transmission

(*Genetics)
What are the sources of alleles in recessive diseases? correct answers A diseased allele must be
received from each parent in autosomal disorders and it must be received just from the mother in
X-linked disorders

(*Genetics*)
What is the allelic basis for rare recessive genetic disorders? correct answers It is most likely X-
linked. It is much more rare to get two carriers marrying into one family i.e. autosomal disorder

(*Anatomy)
Autocrine signaling correct answers Cell signaling. Cell secretes hormone/chemical messenger
(autocrine agent) to bind to cell's autocrine receptors, leading to changes in the cell.

(*Anatomy)

,Somatostatin correct answers An inhibitory hormone secreted by pancreas & pituitary gland,
inhibits gastric secretion and somatotropin release. (somatotropin is a growth hormone secreted
by the pituitary gland) In somatostatin absence, gastric cells operate with freedom. Somatostatin
produces a net decrease in gastric/duodenal digestive activity

(*Anatomy)
Chief cells correct answers Stomach cells. These produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

(*Anatomy)
Parietal cels correct answers Stomach cells that produce gastric acid

(*Anatomy)
G cells correct answers Produce Gastin, promote HCl release from parietal cells, this chemical
messenger also simulates parietal cell maturation and growth.

(*Anatomy)
D cells correct answers Produce somatostatin. When D cells are destroyed, somatostatin
production decreases, inhibition of G cells decreases, gastric production increases, # of mature
parietal cells increases. Ultimately, luminal pH decreases.

(*Anatomy)
What is active gastric digestion characterized by? correct answers Gastric distention, active
secretion of hydogen ions (HCl), and a consequently low gastric pH.

(*Anatomy)
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter correct answers (E.g. ACh/acetylcholine) A chemical
messenger of the parasympathetic nervous system i.e. "rest & digest" activity.

(*Biochemistry)
How do enzymes affect the kinematics and thermodynamics of a reaction correct answers
Enzymes do not change any thermodynamic properties of a reaction, they instead lower the
activation energy of a reaction, making the reaction more kinetically favorable.

(*Biochemistry)
Which stage of an enzyme reaction is highest in energy? correct answers The transition state is
highest in energy (Ea is energy required to reach the transition state) The reactants are higher
than products for exothermic reactions and lower for endothermic reactions

(*Biochemistry)
Transition state analogues correct answers Molecules that closely resemble a subtrate's transition
state structure in a reaction catalyzed by enzymes. Transition state analogues are often the most
tightly bound substrates for any enzyme, exhibit highest affinity for the enzyme.

(*Biochemistry)

, alpha-amino acids correct answers These are the 20 naturally occurring/essential amino acids.
All amino acids are chiral and therefore are optically active. Glycine is achiral because the r-
group is a hydrogen.

(*Biochemistry)
Iso-electric point correct answers The point at which an amino acid exhibits neutral pH. At this
point, the amino acid has no net charge. Above the iso-electric point, the amino acid is overally
negative, the -COOH loses the H+ forming -COO-. Below the iso-electric point, the amino acid
is overally positive, the -NH2 group picks up a proton and forms NH3+.

(*Biochemistry*)
Glycogen phosphorylase correct answers Enzyme that releases glucose from glycogen. If a
deficiency in glycogen phosphorylase occurs, glucose is not released from glycogen, which
decreases the production of ATP by glycolysis. Thus, any ATP used in muscles during exercise
is not replenished, leading to an accumulation of ADP and Pi.

Once anaerobic exercise gives way to aerobic exercise, glycolysis is no longer the primary
source of ATP production. Aerobic exercise allows fatty acids to be used as an energy source,
generating ATP from oxidative phosphorylation.

(*Genetics*)
Germ line & Germ line encoded correct answers Germ-line encoded refers to sequences that are
found in gamete producing cells. As such, these sequences are passed into gametes and into
future genereations.

Mutations occur all the time, but only individual cells. If a mutation occurs in non germ-line cell
it's essentially a dead end. However if the mutation occurs in a germ-line cell it is part of the
reproductive chain and subject to selection and evolution.

(* Genetics)
Inbreeding correct answers Inbreeding occurs when mates have a large proportion of shared
ancestry. The small population of flies that was left after the drought did not necessarily share
the same ancestry.

(*Genetics)
Bottleneck effect correct answers Describes a situation where a population becomes very small
due to an environmental stress and loses much of its genetic diversity

(*Evolution)
Natural Selection correct answers Change over many generations due to 1. Variation 2.Heritable
3.Confers survival advantage

Natural selection is the tendency for the most "fit" individuals to survive and reproduce, thus
driving evolution (happens at population level, not individual)

(*Evolution)

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