PSYCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND BIOLOGICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOR. (FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPT 6,7,8,9, AND 10) || WITH 100% ERROR-FREE
SOLUTIONS.
sensory neurons correct answers There are three kinds of nerve cells in the nervous system:
_______ neurons motor neurons, and interneurons. _______ ________ (aka afferent neurons)
transmit information from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
"ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM"
motor neurons correct answers aka efferent neurons, transmit information from the brain and
spinal cord to muscles and glands.
peripheral nervous system correct answers is made up of the nerve tissue and fibers outside of
the brain and spinal cord. function is to connect the CNS to the rest of the body (limbs and
organs).
somatic nervous system correct answers consist of sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
neurons that transmit information to and from the central nervous system.
autonomic nervous system correct answers is a division of the peripheral nervous system that
manages automatic functions such as respiration, digestion, heart rate, and temperature control.
this system is the primary mechanism in control of the "fight of flight" response and the "rest and
digest" response.
midbrain correct answers mesencephalon Region between the hindbrain and the forebrain; it is
important for hearing and sight. with prominent nucli called colliculi.
forebrain correct answers prosencephalon is associated with complex perceptual, cognitive, and
behavioral processes. during development divied into TELENCEPHALON and
DIENCEPHALON.
similarity correct answers The law of __________ states that items that are similar are grouped
together. (gestalts principles)
"OBJECT RECOGNITION"
pragnanz correct answers Gestalt principles generally follow the same basic idea: these are ways
for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a pictire is incomplete. The gestalt
principles are governed by the law of ________, which say that perceptual organization will
always be as regualr, simple, and symmetric as possible. or that reality is reduced to the simplest
form.
,"gestalt principles"
proximity correct answers objects that are close together are grouped together
"gestalt principles"
the law of continuation correct answers Gestalts principles generally follow the same basic idea:
these are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete. Th
law of ____________ says that elements that appear to follow the same pathwat tend to be
grouped together. That is, there is a tendencey to precieve cintinuous patterns in stimuli rather
than abrupt changes.
"OBJECT RECOGNITION"
closure correct answers objects grouped together are seen as a whole
"gestalt principles"
pacinian corpuscles correct answers respond to deep pressure and vibration
"somatosensation, mechanoreceptors"
meissner corpuscles correct answers respond to light touch
"somatosensation, mechanoreceptors"
ruffini endings correct answers respond to stretch
"somatosensation, mechanoreceptors"
merkle discs correct answers respond to deep pressure and texture
"somatosensation, mechanoreceptors"
free nerve endings correct answers respond to pain and temperature
"somatosensation"
signal detection theory correct answers Perception of stimuli can also be affected by nonsensory
factors, such as experiences (memory), motives, and expectations. This concept is termed
_______ _________ ______, which focuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli
depending on both enternal (psychological) and external (enviornmental) context. For example,
how loud would someone need to yell your name in a crowd to get your attention? Part of the
answer comes from psychology: if you heard something that sounds vaguely like your name,
would you likely acknowledge it or not? The answer is not merely a yes if no, but would depend
,on the size of the crowd; your expectation of being called; social factors, like the makeup of the
crowd and your confort with the other individuals; and personality.
nociceptors correct answers receptors that are important in pain sensation
cornea correct answers When entering the eye, light passes first through the ______, a clear,
domelike window in the front of the eye, which gathers and focuses the incoming light.
"VISION"
iris correct answers which part of the eye is responsible for regulating the amount of light
coming into the eye
retina correct answers which part of the eye is responsible for transfusing the light into electrical
signals that are sent to the brain.
kinesthetic correct answers ____________ sense aka proprioception, and refers to the ability to
tell where ones body is in space. For example, even with your eyes closed, you could still
describe the location and position of your hand. The receptors for proprioception are found
mostly in muscle and joints, and play critical roles in hand-eye corrdination, balance, and
mobility. (somatosensation)
"OTHER SENSES"
bottom up processing correct answers Modern theories of object recognition assue at least two
major types of psychological processing: ______-__ __________ and top-down processnig.
______-__ (data-driven) __________ refers to object recognition by parallel processing and
feature detection, as described earlier. Essentialy the brain takes the individual sensory stimuli
and combines them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is.
"OBJECT RECOGNITION"
top down processing correct answers Modern theories of object recognition assume at least two
major type of psychological processing: Bottom-up and ___-____ (conceptually driven)
processing is driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole
object and then recognize the components based on these expectations. In other words, ___-____
processing allows us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze their specific parts.
"OBJECT RECOGNITION"
gestalt principles correct answers _______ _____ are ways the brain can infer missing parts of a
picture when a picture is incomplete. These are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a
picture when a picture is incomplete.
"OBJECT RECOGNITION"
, relative size correct answers "monocular cue"
relative height correct answers "monocular cue"
selective attention correct answers ________ ________ is focusing on part of the sensorium
while ignoring other stimuli. It therefore acts as a filter between sensory stimul and our
processing systems. If a stimuli is attended to, it is passed through a filter and analyzed further. If
the stimuli is not attended to, it is lost (cocktail party pheonomenom).
"ATTENTION"
divided attention correct answers _________ ______ is the ability to perform multiple tasks at
the same time.
focusing on two tasks simultaneously
two point threshold correct answers The are three additional concepts related to touch perception
that are important to know. ___-_____ ________, physiological zero, and gate theory of pain. A
___-______ ________ refers to the minimum distance necessary between two points of
stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli. The size of the
___-_____ _________ depends on the density of the nerves in the particular area of skin being
tested.
"OTHER SENSES"
sensation correct answers In common parlance, we ofter use the terms "_________"and
"perception" interchangeably, as synonyms. Howerever, in the field of psychology, these two
terms have very specific definitions and are commonly contrasted. ________ is the conversion,
or transduction, of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from the internal
and external environment into electrical signals in the nervous system. _________ is performed
by receptors in the periipheral nervous system, which forward the stimuli to the central nervous
system in the form of action potentials and neurotransmitters. _________ can therefore be
though of as a raw signal, which is unfiltered and unprocessed until it enters the central nervous
system.
"SENSATION VS PERCEPTION"
perception correct answers __________, on the other hand, refers to the processing of sensory
information to make sense of its significance. These complex manipulations include both
external sensory experience and the internal activities of the brain and spinal cord. __________
thus make sense of the world.
"SENSATION VS PERCEPTION"
just noticeable difference correct answers ______ ______ _______ is the minimum difference in
magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.
