BIO 436 – Respiration Test Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 436
Institution
BIO 436
Ventilation is a result of skeletal muscle contraction
When the diaphragm contracts, the volume in thoracic cavity increases
What is inspiration? increase in thoracic volume reduces pressure in thoracic cavity, allowing atmospheric gas to enter lungs
What is expiration? as diaphragm relaxes, pre...
BIO 436 – Respiration Test Questions
and Correct Answers
Ventilation is a result of ✅skeletal muscle contraction
When the diaphragm contracts, ✅the volume in thoracic cavity increases
What is inspiration? ✅increase in thoracic volume reduces pressure in thoracic cavity,
allowing atmospheric gas to enter lungs
What is expiration? ✅as diaphragm relaxes, pressure in thoracic cavity increases as
volume decreases, forcing air out of lungs
What is pulmonary minute ventilation? ✅amount of air that flows into and out of lungs
in 1 minute
What is the rate of normal, quiet breathing? ✅500 mL (0.5 liters) of air into and out of
lungs with each breath
What is tidal volume? ✅amount of air inspired and expired with each breath under
resting conditions (500 mL)
What is inspiratory reserve volume? ✅amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after
a normal tidal volume inspiration (~3100 mL)
What is expiratory reserve volume? ✅amount of air that can be forcefully expired after
a normal tidal volume expiration (~ 1200ml)
What is residual volume? ✅amount of air remaining in the lungs after forceful and
complete expiration (~ 1200ml)
What is total lung capacity? ✅maximum amount of air that can be inspired and then
expired with maximal effort: TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV (~ 6000ml)
What is vital capacity? ✅maximum amount of air that can be inspired and then expired
with maximal effort: VC = TV + IRV + ERV (~4800ml)
What is forced vital capacity? ✅amount of air that can be expelled when the subject
takes the deepest possible inspiration and forcefully expires as completely and rapidly
as possible
, What is forced expiratory volume? ✅measures the percentage of the vital capacity that
is expired during 1 second of the FVC test (normally 75%-85% of the vital capacity)
Emphysema ✅- significant loss of elastic recoil in lung tissue
- loss of elastic recoil occurs as disease destroys walls of alveoli
- airway resistance increases as lung tissue becomes more flimsy and exerts less
anchoring on surrounding airways
- lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily
- great effort required to expire because lungs can no longer passively recoil and deflate
- expires slowly
What is acute asthma attack breathing? ✅- bronchiole smooth muscle spasms and
airways become constricted
- clogged w/ thick mucus secretions
- significantly increased airway resistance
- airway inflammatory response brought on by triggers such as allergens, extreme temp.
changes, and exercise
- airways collapse and pinch closed before forced expiration is completed
- volumes and peak flow rates are significantly reduced during asthma attack
What is an inhaler? ✅- atomizes medication for acute asthma attacks and allows for
direct application onto afflicted airways
- med includes a smooth muscle relaxant (B2 agonist such as albuterol) that relieves
bronchospasms and induces bronchiole dilation
- also contain an anti-inflammatory agent, such as corticosteroid, that suppresses the
inflammatory response
What is pneumothorax? ✅- any opening created in pleural membranes equalizes the
intrapleural pressure with atmospheric pressure by allowing air to enter the pleural
cavity
- can lead to lung collapse (atelectasis)
What is acid-base balance? ✅pH of body's fluid
What are the 2 major physiological buffering systems? ✅renal system and respiratory
system
What is metabolic acidosis? ✅characterized by low plasma HCO3- and pH
What causes metabolic acidosis? ✅- ketoacidosis, a buildup of keto acids that can
result from diabetes mellitus
- salicylate poisoning, a toxic condition resulting from ingestion of too much aspirin or oil
of wintergreen (a substance often found in laboratories)
- the ingestion of too much alcohol, which metabolizes into acetic acid - diarrhea, which
results in the loss of bicarbonate with the elimination of intestinal contents
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