Semi-lingualism correct answers Refers to speakers who have been exposed to two languages but fail to develop a native-like high level of proficiency in either
Bilingual profile (6) correct answers How mother tongue/first language and second language are acquired (simultaneously or sequentially)...
LING 115 Final || with 100% Errorless Answers.
Semi-lingualism correct answers Refers to speakers who have been exposed to two languages
but fail to develop a native-like high level of proficiency in either
Bilingual profile (6) correct answers How mother tongue/first language and second language are
acquired (simultaneously or sequentially)
Degree of proficiency in L1 and L2, which is dominant and how much
When L1 and L2 are usedAttitudes toward L1 and L2Internal (cultural, psychological) and
external (economic, educational) pressures to maintain L1 and L2
Biculturalism - To what extent are L1 and L2 related to cultures the speaker identifies with?
Immigration and bilingualism correct answers Children of immigrants usually acquire L1 at
home and L2 outside home
Close contact with multiple linguistic groups and bilingualism correct answers Contact between
members of different language groups common -> more easy bilingualism, occurs where sizable
minority populations are found
Growing up in a bilingual family correct answers One language one parent principle
Parents must be consistent in using only their mother tongue language with child, child perceives
need to learn both languages, child receives enough input from both languages to acquire
proficiency in them
When one language is not used outside home, child may fail to maintain knowledge of it
Elite bilinguals correct answers People who have freely chosen to become bilingual, want to
travel or work in another region, tend to come from monolingual backgrounds
Children from linguistic majorities correct answers Learn another language at school through
immersion programs or foreign language classes, tend to come from monolingual backgrounds
Children from linguistic minorities correct answers Parents are both speakers of a single minority
language, under great pressure to learn majority language, especially if language of minority is
not officially recognized
Phonological development and bilingualism correct answers Children have to learn 2 distinct
phonological systems and keep them separate.
Generally an astounding lack of sound confusion in children exposed to 2 languages.
Children often borrow words from one language and change phonology to fit in the other
Lexical development and bilingualism correct answers Development of lexical knowledge not
clearly separated
1-3, children don't know words belong to different languages
Adolescents and adults with bilingualism correct answers Hardly reach native-like proficiency,
have accents
,Critical language correct answers After age 6-7, acquiring new languages is much more difficult
Challenge critical language correct answers Brain gets accustomed to one language and its
difficult to accept a new system later on
3 Stage Model of Bilingual Acquisition correct answers Stage 1 - Children have single lexical
and syntactic system which comprises items/words from 2 languages regularly heard without
separating them into separate groups
Stage 2 - Lexicon becomes differentiated, continued unification of 2 input languages' syntax.
Children aware words belong to different systems, but believe there is a single syntactic system
to make sentences with both types of words
Stage 3 - Children realize 2 distinct syntactic systems, one for each lexicon
Stage 1 of 3 Stage Model correct answers Lasts 5-6 months, 65-85 items
One label for every element of outside world, e.g. knows "dog" or "perro" but not both
Monolinguals and Bilinguals, 3.5 - 6 years old correct answers Monolinguals have larger vocab
because they only need to learn one label for elements whereas bilinguals learn 2
Bilinguals have greater verbal fluency in storytelling
Unitary Language System Hypothesis correct answers 3 Stage model
Single hybrid system of 2 language gets used before separating into 2 different systems
Evidence: language-mixing and indiscriminate use of languages
Independent Development Hypothesis / Separate Language Hypothesis correct answers Bilingual
children are able to differentiate from an early age between 2 language systems, mixing is sign of
2 imperfect side by side
Evidence: 2 different phonological systems, generally are able to choose correct language with
one-parent one-language
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Claim #1 correct answers Structure of a language determines the way
speakers of the language view the world; language influences our thinking/shapes our culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Claim #2 correct answers Culture of people is reflected in the language
they use; different cultures influence shape of language we speak
Linguistic Differences: Words correct answers Different cultures result from different lifestyles;
languages are specialized based on their environments
Examples of linguistic differences in words correct answers 1. Inuit people have more words
relating to different types of snows2. Arabics have many words for camels and horses
German "Gemuetlichkeit" means? correct answers Niceness/Warmness
, Linguistic differences in words: conclusion? correct answers Different languages don't just
provide different ways of the same ideas but languages differ in that the ideas they contain are
different
Linguistic differences: Grammar correct answers North American languages do not have a
system of tense; they are more concerned about the truth of the statement rather than time/tense
Two versions of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis correct answers Linguistic relativity and linguistic
determinism
Linguistic Determinism correct answers Language determines thought; forces speakers to think
in a certain way
Linguistic Relativity correct answers Language has a tendency to influence thought
Criticisms of Sapir/Whorf Hypothesis correct answers [1] Language differences do not seem to
cause differences in perception.
- Languages can be quite different without this corresponding to major differences in world
view.
- Counter-argument. Not all linguistic differences are expected to cause differences in
perception.
[2] Not all our concepts come to us from language
- Sometimes we have experiences which cause mental concepts to be formed before any words
for these concepts are developed.
[3] Linguistic Relativity vs. Linguistic Determinism
- Linguistic Determinism cannot be correct, but linguistic relativity (the weaker version) can
[4] Need for better evidence for the LRH
- Early research was not thorough enough
what is conceptual capacity correct answers 'Conceptual capacity' = the ability all humans have
(in the same way) to form new concepts.
what is a conceptual system correct answers 'Conceptual system' = the actual set of concepts
present in the minds of individual speakers - varies from speaker to speaker.
What are the several linguistic/conceptual outcomes which Lakoff states arise in different
language groups? correct answers [1] Different experiences produce different
concepts/conceptual systems.
[2] Parallel experience occurs, but different concepts evolve from this experience.
[3] Similar experiences occur, but certain concepts fail to be formed in some languages.
In the study of Navajo and English children, how did Navajo children organize the objects and
how did English speaking children organize the objects? How did this occur with middle class
Boston children vs working class New York children? correct answers Navaajo organized
objects by shape
English speaking children organized by color
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