BBH 451 PSU Exam 3 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BBH 451
Institution
BBH 451
T/F: The combination of energy drink with alcohol (four loco) enhanced the feelings of stimulation in participants but did NOT change the level of impairment for impulsive behavior True
What process produces ethanol as a waste product? Fermentation
Beer is fermented from _________ Wine is ferment...
BBH 451 PSU Exam 3 Practice
Questions and Correct Answers
T/F: The combination of energy drink with alcohol (four loco) enhanced the feelings of
stimulation in participants but did NOT change the level of impairment for impulsive
behavior ✅True
What process produces ethanol as a waste product? ✅Fermentation
Beer is fermented from _________
Wine is fermented from _________
cider from _______ ✅barley grain
grapes
apples
What process produces drinks with higher alcohol content that began in the 12th
century? ✅Distillation
Describe the difference between Alcohol by Volume (ABV) vs Proof ✅ABV = %
- A standard measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is contained in a given volume of
an alcoholic beverage (expressed as a volume percent)
- It is defined as the number of milliliters (mL) of pure ethanol present in 100 mL of
solution
Proof = Historically was tested to see if had 50% alcohol by trying to set on fire
- 100 proof = 50% alcohol
- 50 proof = 25% alcohol
- 200 proof = alcohol with no adulterant
What % alcohol is 100 proof? ✅50% alcohol
What % alcohol is 50 proof? ✅25% alcohol
According to headlines what was considered the "most harmful drug" followed by crack
and heroin? ✅Alcohol
Receptor interactions with Ethanol are an ____________________ ✅IMBALANCE
What are the steps of receptor interactions with Ethanol? ✅1. Activation of GABA A
receptors (ion ligand gated activation)
2. Down regulation of EtOH receptors on cell
- GABA is inhibitory (why alcohol has depressant affect)
,3. Inhibit Glutamate (Glu) receptors
4. Up-regulation (increase) receptors by putting more receptors on the surface of the
cell
Due to the receptor interactions of Ethanol with receptors (activation of GABA's effects
and inhibitation of Glu reaction to receptors), what will happen if you take away alcohol
from a heavy drinker?
** in relation to receptors ✅If take alcohol away, there are little GABA receptors on the
surface and many Glutamate on the surface --> lead to toxic effects!! (too much
glutamate and not enough GABA to BALANCE)
** Toxic --> seizure (?)
How does Acamprosate (Campral) Treatment work? (and in treating what?)
✅Acamprosate: Works on both receptors (but not sure the mechanisms at which this
works)
Anxiolysis ✅= Reducing Anxiety
What is used for acute alcohol withdraw (targeting GABA)? ✅Benzodiazapine use -->
act/inhibit GABA A --> sedation and muscle relaxation and anxiolysis (reduction of
anxiety)
Why is hard to study effect of alcohol on entire brain? ✅Because GABA is present in
the entire brain, not one specific region, so can't find part of brain without GABA to use
as a CONTROL
Receptor Interactions with Ethanol
__________________ levels increase in the Nucleus Accumbens (early stages of
alcohol use) ✅Dopamine
What other systems are activated by the Dopamine levels increasing in the Nucleus
Accumbens and other reactions occuring at the receptors in response to ethanol
** List the 3 additional systems that are affected ✅1. Opioid Receptors
- EtOH stimulates release
- Naltrexone modulatese opiod receptor
2. Serotonergic Receptors
- Antidepressants weakly reduce drinking
- Setraline/Zolof
3. Cannabinoid Receptors
- Anandamine synthesis is increased
- Rimonabant - antagonist - reduces relapse
,In a chronic drinker, you would expect levels of GABA receptors to be
___________________ (high/low) ✅LOWER compared to a nondrinker
What three locations of the brain does alcohol decrease activity? ✅1. Prefrontal Cortex
2. Cerebellum
3. Hippocampus
*** And the entire brain in general (these parts just see the most effects)
How is alcohol a CNS Depressant? What effects are seen as a result of this
physiological/psychological effect? ✅Effects on cognition (accidents) and respiration
(fatality in acute abuse)
How does alcohol have Environment - Specific Effects? ✅Recognition of being in a
specific place and the cues that go with it -- induce more of an effect
EX: The experiment where half the people in a frat got alcoholic drinks and the other
half did not but they all acted the same...
**** CUES ARE JUST AS STRONG
What are possible benefits and costs to society from alcohol consumption? ✅Benefits -
decreased risk heart disease (in moderate amounts...maybe)
Cost - possible decrease of neurogenesis in the hippocampus (and many other costs)
Costs to society - Over 200 billion dollars a year....
What are some additional affects to alcohol consumption?
List 5 ✅Alcohol...
1. Is a peripheral dilator (causes blood vessels near the surface of the skin to dilate -
feel warm)
2. Inhibits anti-diuretic hormone (increase urge to urinate)
3. Disrupts REM sleep
4. Interacts with other drugs
5. Acetaminophen syndrome
`How is behavioral tolerance seen in alcoholics? ✅No longer seem to show behavioral
changes
Diminish behavioral changes
, No stumbling, slurred speech, etc. (can hide it very well)
Describe the reaction of acetaminophen and alcohol ✅Metabolic blockade by EtOH of
Glutathione conjunction (Conjunction helps excrete substances not soluble in water)
CYP metabolism creates NAPQI (reactive; crosslink with a lot of things --> toxic in liver!)
**** Not really sure what any of this means.... hahaha
Korsakoff's Syndrome ✅Vitamin B1 Deficiency
Because alcohols also have poor diets (no vitamins or nutrients)
Get all their calories from alcohol
Can be treated in hospital with a shot of vitamin B1
List some Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome effects ✅Drinking for long period of time -
receptors were significantly affected
- Severe hangover
- Nausea
- Anxiety
- More serious: tremors, seizures, delirium tremens (DTs) - can kill you
Delirium Tremens (DTs) ✅= Extremely serious withdrawal effect
- Extreme disorientation, confusion, sweating, fever, hallucinations
- Can lead to seizures, heart attack, stroke
- Thought to be caused by dysregulation in glutamate and GABA systems during
chronic drinking
Alcohol has what effect in damaging the liver? What does it deposit? What is it called
when you have a severely affected liver due to alcohol? ✅- Fatty acid metabolism has
been blocked - causes deposition of fatty acid
= Cirrhotic
Cirrhotic ✅A chronic disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of normal
tissue with scar tissue and the loss of functional liver cells. It is most commonly caused
by chronic alcohol abuse, but can also result from nutritional deprivation
Fatty liver
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ✅Disruption of fetal development resulting in:
- Growth deficiency
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