BBH 101 Exam 1 (PSU) Study Guide with Complete Solutions

BBH 101 Exam 1 (PSU) Study Guide with Complete Solutions trepanation - Answer️️ -surgical procedure in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull humoral theory - Answer️️ -belief that certain liquids in the body must be in balance cholera - Answer️️ -disease that causes severe diarrhea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration, shock, and death Reductionism - Answer️️ -an approach to science based on the philosophy that we can understand a more complex system by first understanding the individual components of that system John Snow - Answer️️ -studied patterns of cholera outbreak in London and identified a public water pump as the source Semmelweis - Answer️️ -discovered that childbed fever was caused by doctors not washing their hands Cell Theory - Answer️️ -organisms are made up of cells Louis Pasteur - Answer️️ -examined porridge by leaving one container open and the other sealed; the one unsealed grew mold Edward Jenner - Answer️️ -developed the 1st vaccine from theory that cowpox prevents smallpox; exposed a little boy to the vaccine then to smallpox and he did not get smallpox ©SOPHIABENNETT@ Monday, August 19, 2024 12:35 AM Page 2 of 11 Alexander Flemming - Answer️️ -discovered antibacterial effects of penicillin Biomedical Model - Answer️️ -suggests that illness always has a biological cause Biobehavioral Perspective - Answer️️ -recognizes biological, psychological, and sociocultural focuses in determining an individual's health and vulnerability to disease Framingham Heart Study - Answer️️ -used the biobehavioral perspective to study risk factors of cardiovascular disease; helped us understand that smoking, cholesterol, blood pressure, obesity, etc can cause it Warren and Marshall - Answer️️ -used the biomedical model to prove that H. pylori is a cause of peptic ulcers Cognitive Bias - Answer️️ -patterns of judgement that cause us to make illogical inferences Scientific Method - Answer️️ -observe, hypothesize, predict, test Theory - Answer️️ -a hypothesis that has been tested over and over again sample - Answer️️ -portion of the population of interest being studied in an experiment p-value - Answer️️ -tells us what the probability is of obtaining our result if there really is no relationship between the variable we are interested in (0.05 is generally accepted at a significant finding) ©SOPHIABENNETT@ Monday, August 19, 2024 12:35 AM Page 3 of 11 Importance of Replication - Answer️️ -experiments must be replicated to avoid experimenter's bias and confounds Causality - Answer️️ -relationship between two events such that one is understood to be a consequence of the other Hypothesized relationship - Answer️️ -A causes B Reverse Causation - Answer️️ -B causes A Bidirectional - Answer️️ -A causes B and B causes A (affect each other) Common Causal Variable - Answer️️ -C causes A and B Coincidence - Answer️️ -relationship is caused by chance Case Study - Answer️️ -clinical description of a single patient, usually describing an unusual feature or association between dis