-ve sense ddRNA virus examples - Answer-influenza virus and ebola
/.1 glucose(-6-phosphate) makes - Answer-10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 2 GTP when
fully oxidised
/.12 features of an ideal disinfectant - Answer--high antimicrobial activity
-broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
-stability
-homogeneity
-adequate solubility
-minimum toxicity
-detergent activity
-minimum material effects
-minimum inactivation by organic material
-activity at ordinary temperatures
-deodorising ability
-low cost
/.12 things an ideal chemical control agent should have - Answer-High antimicrbjal
activity (able to edefective lyrics kill microbes)
Broad spectrum of microbial activity (active against all microbes)
Stability(can be stored for a long time)
Homogeneity (active ingredient spread all the way through and doesn't seperate)
Adequate solubility
Minimum toxicity
Detergent activity (cleanng and disinfecting)
Minimum material effects
Minimum inactivation by organic material
Activity at ordinary temperature's
Deodorizing ability
Low cost
/.2 classifications of viruses - Answer--the international committee on taxonomy of
viruses (ICTV) system of classification of viruses (most preferred and followed)
-the baltimore system of classification of viruses
,/.2 types of bacteria that do rTCA - Answer-Green sulfur bacteria, epsilon-
proteobacteria
/.3 advantages of active transport - Answer-1)high affinity:more competitive for scarce
low comcetrain resources
2)rapidly responds to fluctuating environment
3)allows cells to accumulate against a concentration gradient-keeps intracellular
enzymes saturated with substrate (v max can happen)
/.3 classes of bacterial transporters - Answer-ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS)
Group translocation eg)phosphotransferase system (PTS)
/.3 features of a nucleopore filter - Answer-Pore size is absolute
Not as many pores in it
Low flow rate
/.3 features of dendritic cells - Answer-most potent APC
mainly found in tissues as 'sentries' (sitting on guard)
carry antigen into lymph nodes ofr surveillance by T cells
/.3 kinds biological agents we can use for microbial control - Answer-predator, virus,
toxin
/.3 main mechanisms of virion entry into host cells - Answer-a) fusion of the virion with
host cell plasma membrane (enveloped)
b) endocytosis (both)
c) direction injection of the genome into host cell (bacteriophagee)
/.3 outcomes of T cell central tolerance - Answer--death by neglect
positive selection
negative selection
/.3 steps of binary fission - Answer-1) elongation and chromosome replication
2) septum formation (special cell wall)
3) When septum is formed completely the cell splits into two
/.3 ways proton motive force can be used - Answer-Transport
Motility
ATP synthesis
/.4 active ingredients of trigene and implications - Answer-can use lower conc of all to
get a better result
-dodecylamine sulphamate
-polymeric biquanide hydrochloride
-alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
,-NP9
/.4 categories of microbial control methods - Answer--physical agents
-mechanical removal methods
-chemical agents
-biological agents
/.4 chemical factors that affect microbial growth - Answer-Water
Energy and electron source
Carbon
Macro and Micronutrients
/.4 chemical things in the core of an endospore that determine resistance - Answer-- low
water content
- lower pH
- high content of dipicolinic acid and Cá+ in core
- small acid-soluble proteins
/.4 factors driving virus emergence - Answer-1. Ecological changes
2. Human demographics and behaviour
3. International travel and trade
4. Virus change and adaptation
/.4 features of a membrane filter - Answer--more uniform than depth filter
-most common
-thin
-acts like a siv
/.4 layers of endospore - Answer-core
cortex
coat
exosporium
/.4 original Koch's postulates - Answer--suspect pathogen should be present in all cases
of the disease and absent in healthy animals
-should be grown in pure culture
-pure culture of suspected organism shoud cause disease in a healthy animal
-the organisms should be reisolated and shown to be the same as original
/.4 phases of bacterial growth curve - Answer-lag, log, stationary, death
/.4 physical growth requirements for microbial growth - Answer-Gaseous atmosphere
Temperature
pH
Osmotic Pressure
, /.4 stages of transport of the ABC superfamily - Answer-1)outward open
2) occluded ATP-bound
3) inward open ATP free
4)closed ATP-free asymmetric
/.4 steps of dicarboxylate oxidation - Answer-CoA removed from succinyl-CoA to create
succinate
Creates GTP- can be converted to ATP or directly used
Succinate is oxidized 3 times to regenerate oxaloacetate
Reactions used to directly make energy (FADH2; lecture 9) or make more NADH.
/.4 types of glycolysis enzynes - Answer-Kinase
Isomerases
Dehydrogenase
Aldolase/Mutase/Enolase
/.4 Types of polymers bacteria breakdown - Answer-TAGs
Protein
Cellulose
Starch
/.4 ways of antigen uptake - Answer--phagocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis eg) FC receptor, complement receptor or antibody
receptor
-autophagy (sometimes used to get ride of pathogens)
/.4 ways to fix RNA primer problem is viral linear dsDNA replication and examples -
Answer-1) form concatemer after replication eg)T4 phage
2) Close the ends by covalent bonding after replication eg)poxvirus
3) circularise the linear DNA before replication eg) herpesvirus, lambda phage
4) use a viral protein as a primer for replication eg) adenovirus
/.5 conditions influencing the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents - Answer-Population
size
Properties of chemical agent
Population composit in
Environmental factors
Toxicity of agent
/.5 methods of virus transmission between hosts - Answer--aerosol
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