Clinical Psych FINAL Exam || with Accurate Answers 100%.
Who first used the term clinical psychology in print? correct answers Lightner Witmer
What is Lightner Witmer's definition of clinical psychology? correct answers A person whose
work with others involved aspects of treatment, education, and interpersonal issues.
Accurate comprehensive definition on Clinical Psychology correct answers Integrates science,
theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and
discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development.
Focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects
of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels.
What are the three distinct models of training currently used by various graduate programs?
correct answers -The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model
-The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model
-The Clinical Scientist Model (Routh)
The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model correct answers Training jointly emphasized by both
practice and research. Need to receive training and display competence in the application of
clinical methods and the research methods necessary to study and evaluate the field
scientifically. PhD
The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model correct answers Doctoral-level degree with less extensive
training in research and more extensive training in the development of applied clinical skills.
This is the PsyD.
The Clinical Scientist Model (Routh) correct answers Stressed the scientific side of clinical
psych more strongly than the Boulder Model. Strong emphasis on the scientific method and
evidence-based clinical methods. PhD
Where do Clinical Psychologists Work? correct answers -Mostly private practice.
-In hospitals (General, Psychiatric, Psychogeriatric, Forensic, Juvenile)
-In jails/prisons
How do Clinical Psychologists different from Counseling Psychologists? correct answers
Clinical psychologists tend to work with more seriously disturbed populations and tend to work
more often in settings such as hospitals and inpatient psychiatric units. More interested in
applications of psych or medical settings.
Counseling psychs tend to work more in university counseling centers. Are more interested in
vocational testing and career counseling.
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist correct answers -Go to medical school and are licensed as
physicians.
-More likely to prescribe medications.
-Problems viewed biologically, as physiological abnormalities of the brain.
,Social Workers correct answers Focus on issues such as arranging for clients to transition
successfully to the community after leaving an impatient unit by making sure that needs such as
housing, employment, and outpatient mental health services were being met.
Why is there a need for Clinical Psychology? correct answers - Highly Prevalent
- Costly to society (E.R. visits, crime filling jails, workplace performance)
- Most people don't receive services (unavailable, no motivation, no insurance)
About what percent of homeless people have a mental illness? correct answers About 1/3
Education levels for psychologists correct answers -Baccalaureate (B.A. or B.S.)
-Masters (M.A. or M.S.)
-Doctorate (PhD)
What do Clinical Psychologists do? correct answers -Assessments
-Interventions
-Research
-Teach
-Consultations
-Supervision
-Administration
What is a primary reason psychologists have conducted research? correct answers To determine
how well their therapies work - Treatment outcome
Efficay correct answers Refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study
conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.
-How well it works in "the lab"
-Drawback: is it applicable to the real world?
Effectiveness correct answers Refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in
which client problems span a wider range, and clients are not chosen as a result of meeting
certain criteria.
-How well it works in the "real world"
-Drawback: lose control
Statistical Significance correct answers Indicate that significant difference exists between two
groups but it doesn't necessarily mean that the two groups differ much in real-world terms.
-Assessed quantitatively
Clinical Significance correct answers Measured more qualitatively. Taking stat result and
applying them to the real world.
Internal Validity correct answers Refers to the extent in which the change in the dependent
variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable.
,External Validity correct answers Refers to the generalizability of the result-to what extent is the
same finding valid for different settings and populations.
What is true for efficacy studies regarding validity? correct answers They are often respected for
their internal validity but discounted for their external validity.
What is true for effectiveness studies regarding validity? correct answers They are often
respected for their external validity but discounted for their internal validity.
The Experimental Method correct answers Involves a number of discrete, sequential steps.
Begins with an observation, development of a hypothesis including definitions of IV & DV,
empirical testing, and altering the hypothesis to match the results & interpretations obtained
during empirical testing.
Independent Variables correct answers Those variables in the study that are manipulated by the
experimenter.
Dependent Variables correct answers Those variables in the study that are expected to change as
a result of changes in the independent variables.
Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT) correct answers Researchers test the outcome of a particular,
manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. They maximize internal validity by ensuring that
improvements in participants receiving the therapy are indeed due to the therapy rather than
extraneous factors. Criticized for oversimplifying clinical problems.
Quasi-Experiments correct answers Used when ethical, practical, or other restraints limit the
researchers ability to assign people randomly to a certain condition, make particular
manipulations, or otherwise experimentally test certain hypothesis.
-Less scientifically sound than experimental designs.
-May not be as internally valid as a true experiment but can still provide important data.
Between Group Design correct answers Participants receive entirely different treatments. they
often involve two conditions or groups: experimental & control.
Within Group Design correct answers Involves comparisons of participants in a single condition
to themselves at various points in time. All participants experience the same condition or
conditions.
Mixed Group Design correct answers Combining aspects of between group designs and within
group designs. Assign participants two conditions and measure changes of all participants
weekly.
Analogue Designs correct answers Involves an approximation of the target client or situation as a
substitute for the "real thing". Can involve using participants whose characteristic resemble those
, of the target population, or asking participants to remember or imagine themselves in a certain
situation.
Correlational Methods correct answers Examine the relationship that exists between two or more
variables. Correlational studies do not identify variables as either independent or dependent.
Causality is not implied by the results either.
Case Studies correct answers Involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or
situation.
Idiographic Approach correct answers Emphasizing or revealing the unique qualities of each
person.
Nomothetic Approach correct answers Determining similarities or common qualities among
people.
ABAB Design correct answers A treatment is alternately applied and removed with A and B
each representing the presence or absence of the treatment.
Meta-Analysis correct answers Is a statistical method of combing results of separate studies to
create a summation of the findings.
A study of studies, a quantitative analysis in which the full results of previous studies each
represent a small part of a larger pool of data.
Cross-sectional Designs correct answers Assess or compare a participant or group of participants
at one particular point in time.
Longitudinal Designs correct answers Emphasize changes across time, often making within-
group comparisons from one point in time to another.
Experience Sampling correct answers Ability to tap into participants' behavior in real time.
How and why would Cosgrove & Wheeler think the pharmaceutical industry is having an impact
on psychology and even the create of the DSM5? correct answers Financial ties in research
funding, consultant fees, and speaking fees.
Why is multiculturalism labeled as the "Fourth Force"? correct answers Because it is ranked with
three previous movements that have been broadly recognized as dominant paradigms in their
respective eras: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism/person-centered psychology.
One reason culture is a powerful force in the clinical and counseling field? correct answers It
shapes the way the client understands the very problem for which he or she is seeking help.
When did educating therapists about the importance of race and ethnicity begin? What is the
timeline? correct answers It was in the very early stages in the 1970s. Efforts expanded through
