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Summary PSYC 412 Exam 2 Study Guide
This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on Exam 2 that covers key topics to concentrate on for Exam 2 in this course (Psyc 412). *For you, at a price that's fair enough!!
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1Study Guide – Exam 3
**Note: these are broad terms/categories. You will need to know terms/definitions that fall
within each category. If there is a conflict between the lecture notes and the book, defer to the lecture notes.
Chapter 11 and 12
Prevalence of chronic illness
o 50% of the population has a chronic condition
o Management of chronic illness accounts for ¾ healthcare spending
o More than 1/3 of young adults have at least 1 chronic condition
o Majority of us will have at least 1 chronic illness
Quality of life
Self-concept and self-esteem
o Self-concept: stable set of beliefs about one’s personal qualities
o Self-esteem: evaluation of the self-concept; whether you feel good or bad about your personal
attributes
o Changes in self-concept resulting from chronic illness
Body image: perception and evaluation of one’s physical functioning and appearance
Poor body image raises the risk of depression and anxiety
Influences a person’s adherence to treatment and willingness to adopt a
comanagement/active role
Strategies for coping with chronic illness and what strategies work the best
o Social support/direct problem-solving
o Distancing
o Positive focus
o Cognitive escape/avoidance
o Behavioral escape/avoidance
o Strategies that work: active coping and flexible coping styles
Beliefs about illness
o Nature of the illness: Patients adopt an inappropriate model for their disorder (acute vs chronic
model)
o Cause of the illness
Patients blame stress, physical injury, disease-causing bacteria, and God’s will for their
illness
Self-blame can lead to guilt, self-recrimination, or depression but can be adaptive in
some circumstances (give a sense of context)
Blaming others is maladaptive
o Belief that you have a sense of control/self-efficacy about illness can result in better adjustment
Individual differences in life expectancy
o Death in infancy
o Death in childhood
o Death in adolescence/young adulthood
o Death in middle aged adults
o Death in older adulthood
Kübler-Ross’s five stage theory of grief
Achieving an appropriate death
Right to die issues
Psychological management of terminal illness
Chapter 13
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
o Illnesses caused by narrowing of coronary arteries (otherosclerosis)
o Manifestation of CHD
Angina: insufficient supply
, 2
Myocardial infarction: clot
Ischemia: lack of blood flow
Arrhythmia: irregular heartbeat
o Risk factors
High cholesterol
High blood pressure
Lack of syndrome
Elevated levels of inflammation
Diabetes
Cigarette smoking
Obesity
o Metabolic syndrome
Increases risk for heart attack
Diagnosed when a person has:
o Obesity centered around the waist
o High blood pressure
o Low levels of HDL
o Difficulty metabolizing blood sugar
o High levels of triglycerides
o Biological reactivity to stress
Plays role in the development of CHD
Cumulative effects lead to damage of the endothelial cells
Reflected in a prolonged recovery period
o Stress and CHD
Chronic and acute stress in linked to CHD and adverse clinical events
Interacts with genetic factors to increase likelihood of CHD
associated with increased inflammatory activity
o Personality and CHD
Negative emotions increase risk for metabolic syndrome and CHD
Cynical hostility: suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, distrust of
others
Hostility can occur from:
Insecure and negative feelings, bad family environment, bad child rearing
problems, genetic factors
o Depression and CHD
Well-established-depression affects the development, progression, and mentality from
CHD
Linked to risk factors for:
Coronary heart disease
Metabolic syndrome
Inflammation and likelihood of a heart attack
Heart failure among the elderly and mortality after coronary artery bypass graft
surgery
Other psychosocial factors
Vigilant coping
Anxiety
Vital exhaustion
Hostility
Social isolation
o Management of CHD
Role of delay: one of the reasons for high rates of mortality and disability following heart
attacks
Initial treatment
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to treat blockage of major arteries
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