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Summary PSYC 412 Exam 3 Study Guide

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This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on Exam 3 for Psyc 412. Enjoy!! At a price that's fair enough!!

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  • Chapter 6-10
  • September 4, 2024
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  • 2021/2022
  • Summary
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Study Guide – Exam 2
**Note: these are broad terms/categories. You will need to know terms/definitions that fall
within each category. If there is a conflict between the lecture notes and the book, defer to the lecture notes.

Chapter 6
 Stress
o Negative emotional experiences accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological,
cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or
accommodating to its effects
 Stressors
o Stressful events themselves
 Minority-Stress Model
 Role of neurotransmitters
 Endocrine system
 Adrenal glands
 Appraisal of stressors (primary and secondary)
o Primary appraisal: occurs when a person is trying to understand what the event is and what it
will mean; events are appraised for their harm, threat, or challenge
 Harm: assessment of damage already done by the stressor
 Threat: assessment of possible future damage
 Challenge: potential to overcome or even benefit from the event
o Secondary appraisal: occurs whether personal resources are sufficient to meet the demands of
the environment; are resources
 More than adequate= feel challenged not threatened
 Sufficient with effort= feel moderate stress
 Not sufficient= feel high stress
 Diathesis-stress model
 Physiology of stress
o Sympathetic activation
 Sympathetic arousal stimulates the medulla of the adrenal glands, which, in turn, secrete
the catocholamines epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE), producing increased
blood pressure, increased heart rate, increased sweating, and constriction of peripheral
blood vessels
o HPA activation
 The hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates
the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), which, in turn,
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids; helps reduce inflammation in
the case of an injury and helps the body return to its steady state following stress
o Effects of long-term stress
 Individual differences in stress reactivity
 Physiological reactivity
 Allostatic load
o Refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result
from repeated or chronic stress
 Dimensions of stressful events (negative, uncontrollable, ambiguous, overload, central vs. peripheral)
o Negative: undesirable experiences
o Uncontrollable: cannot predict, modify, terminate, or influence event
o Ambiguous: understanding stressor can be time-consuming, resource-intensive, and delay
problem solving
o Overload: already experiencing high demands on time/energy
o Centrality: stressor is related to central life demands/priority

, 2

Chapter 7
 Coping
o Thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that
are appraised as stressful
o Coping process
 Stressful event, its stage, and anticipated future course
 Appraisal and interpretation of the stressor
 Coping resources and strategies
 Coping tasks
 Coping outcomes
 Personality and coping
o Negative affectivity
 Pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility; “disease-prone
personality”; type D, “distressed personality”= neuroticism, social inhibition, isolation
 Related to
 Poor health, all-cause mortality, higher levels of stress indicators, associated with
poor health habits, do not respond well to treatments, can create an illusion of
poor health
o Positivity
 Promotes better mental and physical health, linked with lower levels of stress indicators,
triggers better immune responses, improves coping
 Role of culture (individualistic vs collectivist)
 Heritable but heritability does not equal immutability
 Ways to increase positive affect- savoring (reminisce about positive things)
 Psychosocial resources
o Optimism
 General tendency to expect positive outcomes
 Better physiological stress profiles (cortisol, blood pressure, inflammation)
 Promotes active and persistent coping
 Fosters sense of control
o Pessimism can be changed through “learned optimism
o Psychological control
 Belief that one can determine own behavior, influence environment, and bring about
desired outcomes
 Secondary control: collective control with family/friends or professionals
o When faced with repeated, uncontrollable stress, people can learn that
they cannot affect what happens to them-> activation of stress response,
lower immune functioning, less physical activity
o Self-esteem
 Subjective evaluation of own worth
 Most protective at lower levels of stress
 Lower levels of HPA axis activity
o Health-prone personality
 Positivity, optimism, sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem
 Resilience
o Helps individuals bounce back and adapt flexibly to stressful situations
 Coping style
o Propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way
o Approach
 Coping by gathering information or directly taking action
 Related to better mental and physical health outcomes
o Avoidance
 Coping by minimizing or distracting

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