SPAUD 505 - Clinical Research Methods Part 2 || Wi
SPAUD 505 - Clinical Research Methods Part 2 || wi
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SPAUD 505 - Clinical Research Methods Part 2 || with 100% Errorless Answers.
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SPAUD 505 - Clinical Research Methods Part 2 || wi
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SPAUD 505 - Clinical Research Methods Part 2 || Wi
nonexperimental research correct answers -descriptive research
-tends to be attribute IVs
-aims:
*observe group differences
*look at developmental trends
*look at relationships among variables
*not about establishing cause and effect
*describes a particular situation or phenomenon
-helps ge...
SPAUD 505 - Clinical Research Methods Part 2 || with 100%
Errorless Answers.
nonexperimental research correct answers -descriptive research
-tends to be attribute IVs
-aims:
*observe group differences
*look at developmental trends
*look at relationships among variables
*not about establishing cause and effect
*describes a particular situation or phenomenon
-helps generate hypotheses
-misconception is that it's inferior (nope, just different)
other terms for IV correct answers classification variable and predictor variable
other terms for DV (in nonexperimental) correct answers criterion variable and predicted
variable
nonexperimental approaches correct answers comparative research
developmental research
correlational research
survey research
retrospective research
case study method
comparative research correct answers -compare behavior of two or more types of subjects at one
point
-goal is to draw conclusions about similarities and differences
-can have more than one IV
-similar (analogous) to experimental multivalent designs, but the difference is that it's not
establishing cause and effect
-disadvantage is the lack of experimental control and that it's not doing cause and effect (focus is
on discussing differences instead)
developmental research correct answers -measure changes in behavior or characteristics over
time
-often looks at influence of aging or maturation (these are often the IV)
-two types: longitudinal and cross sectional
cross sectional studies correct answers a research method that compares participants in different
groups at the same time
-observations made at a specific point in time of the different groups (the participants are of
various ages/groups)
,-advantage is the timeline is more feasible/faster, and it's cheaper and there's less of a threat from
attrition
-disadvantage is that group equivalence must be maintained to control for extraneous variables
and nonequivalence must be addressed
longitudinal studies correct answers A research method that studies the same participants
multiple times over a period of time
-observe same subjects over a period of time
-length of study is quite long, which can be a concern and we need to minimize threats to internal
validity
-must plan carefully (for history, attrition, cost, manpower)
-advantage: not worried about equivalence bc they act as their own control
- more consistent data (own controls again)
-with certain diagnoses, there's spontaneous recovery and/or degeneration, so we need to know
how it progresses so we can know what to do
semi longitudinal pan of observation correct answers -cohort-sequential plan of study
-dividing groups into several overlapping groups and follow subjects in each group from the
lower end of age span to the upper end.
-so both between and within subject observations
correlational research correct answers -looking at degree of relationship between 2 or more
variables
-variables related in some way
-look at degree to which change in one variable is corresponding or can be predicted by change
in the other (if 1 changes, how does the 2nd change?)
-this is about CORRELATION (not cause and effect. we are not inferring cause)
-2 questions are "how closely are the two variables related?" and "what is the direction of the
relationship?"
-strong relationship means that we can predict one variable on the basis of the other (but not
causation!!)
-remember that correlation between 2 variables may be impacted by another (3rd) unknown
variable
-statistical significance is not necessarily clinical significance
-difficult to always assess theoretical or practical implications of a correlation
linear positive relationship correct answers The relationship between two variables can be
represented by a straight line from lower-left-to-upper-right on a graph. As one variable
increases the other increases.
linear negative relationship correct answers
strength of a correlational relationship correct answers -measured along a continuum from -1 to
+1
-0 is no relationship
closer to 1 is a stronger relationship
, common stats measurements correct answers -Pearson correlation coefficient (r=rho)
-spearman rank correlation coefficient
-these are a powerful tool for learning what aspects of human behavior share common properties
survey research correct answers the measurement of public opinion through the use of sampling
and questioning
-detailed inspection of prevalence of conditions, practices, attitudes in a given environment
-to see characteristics of a population, collect representative samples
-inference: take a survey of a smaller subset/sample and make inference to general population
-issues: must have a sample representative of population, must have a valid and sensitive survey
instrument (ie must be constructed well), and need a decent return rate
census correct answers entire population is surveyed
-in US, every 10 years
-expensive and often not practical
survey correct answers instrument used to collect data
-types include rating scales, y/n questions, multiple choice, or open ended questions
-can be online, paper, phone, or face to face
surveys designed to collect data on... correct answers -sociological variables
-psychological variables (opinions, attitudes, responses, behaviors)
-
survey research steps correct answers 1. decide purpose of study (what is research aim?
2. define and select a sample (need strict inclusion criteria)
3. select a survey design
4. construct the survey instrument (type, construct questions, type of response categories, lay-out
of questions, survey feasibility checklists are available...this takes a while)
5. data collection and analysis
*locate respondents
*do stats on collected data
-note that survey return is hard. rate of return is hard to control and is often low
retrospective research correct answers -going back and examining data on file
-(you're not collecting data. it was already collected)
-you have no control over subject classification
-often this is going back and looking at medical records
-reliability and validity of data collection is not as good bc of lack of control. you must have lots
of description of what was done in each study
case-study method correct answers (intrinsic, instrumental, or collective)
-description (indepth) of one (or more) particpants behaviors
-may be done when little information is available on a relatively rare disorder, condition or
setting
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