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NU 608 3 Study Guide Questions and Answers All Correct $12.49
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NU 608 3 Study Guide Questions and Answers All Correct

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NU 608 3 Study Guide Questions and Answers All Correct Capillary/interstitial hydrostatic pressure: - Answer- Facilitates the inward movement of water from the interstitial space into the capillary. Causes edema due to increased volume/pressure in which the pressure forces excessive amounts of ...

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  • September 24, 2024
  • 6
  • 2024/2025
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NU 608 3 Study Guide Questions
and Answers All Correct

Capillary/interstitial hydrostatic pressure: - Answer- Facilitates the inward movement of
water from the interstitial space into the capillary. Causes edema due to increased
volume/pressure in which the pressure forces excessive amounts of fluid out of the
capillaries and into the tissues.

Myocardial infarction: ischemia for how long? repair? - Answer- Ischemia of the
myocardial cells for >20 minutes. Sudden coronary obstruction over a ruptured or
ulcerated plaque. Part of the acute coronary syndromes. Damage is irreversible. Leads
to cellular death, injury, necrosis. Tissue may be stunned, hibernate, or remodel. Repair
happens 10-14 days after the episode, forming scar tissue. Scar tissue does not
contract as well. By 6 weeks the necrotic tissue is replaced by scar tissue.

Frank-Starling Law: - Answer- The greater the stretch, the stronger is the heart's
contraction. The relationship between the volume of blood in the heart to the stretch or
length of cardiac fibers at the end of diastole and the force of contraction during the next
systole. A failing heart may not maintain this relationship.

Right ventricular afterload: - Answer- Pressure or tension work of the heart. The
pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta. Force that the
contracting heart must generate to eject blood from the filled heart.

Cardiac output: equation? average? inotropes? - Answer- CO = SV x HR
-4.2-8L on average
-The amount of blood that the heart ejects per minute. Depends on stroke volume and
heart rate.
-Contractility matters too and is influenced by inotropes:
-Postive- epi, dopamine, dig
-Negative- alcohol, hypoxia, beta blockers

Left ventricular failure: exam? from? - Answer- Failure of the left ventricle to move blood
from the pulmonary circulation to the systemic circulation, leading to congestion in the
pulmonary system. Cardiac output is decreased, left end-diastolic pressures are
increased.
exam- decreased BP, fatigue, increased HR, decreased urine output, pulmonary
congestion, dyspnea, right HF
from- MI, valve issues, rapid fluid administration

, Atherosclerosis: - Answer- Inflammation with oxidative stress and activation of
macrophages causing the formation of a plaque. Damage to the epithelium ->
inflammatory response -> macrophage migration -> LDL oxidation -> fatty streak ->
fibrous plaque -> complicated plaque.

LDL oxidation (foam cell formation): - Answer- In atheroscleorosis- oxidized LDL is toxic
to endothelial cells, causing smooth muscle proliferation which causes smooth muscle
to grow until the tunica intima and accentuate the immune response, causing
macrophages to penetrate oxidized LDL and turn into foam cells.

Pulmonary congeston: - Answer- From left sided heart failure. Dyspnea, wheezing,
crackles, cough.

Htn diagnosis: - Answer- on two different occasions >140/90.

HTN stages: - Answer- 1- 140/90
2- 160/100
3- 180/110

HTN primary, secondary, isolated, complicated, malignant: - Answer- Primary- no
identified cause
Secondary- due to underlying condition
Isolated- caused by increased cardiac output
Complicated- damage to epithelial walls
Malignant- diastolic >140

Exam HTN: - Answer- Fundoscopic- ocular changes
Neck- bruit, thyroid
Cardiovascular- Murmur
Abd- bruit
Edema, pulses, neuro, thyroid/gout/cushings.

Glomerular filtration rate normal: - Answer- 120-130

GFR definition: - Answer- rate at which fluid filters from the blood into the Bowman's
capsule

GFR is dependent on: - Answer- Renal blood flow, cardiac output, microvascular
resistance

GFR is affected by: - Answer- Cardiac output

Best measurement of GFR: - Answer- Creatinine

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