NU 327 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
What are the three factors of Virchow's triad? - Answer- venous stasis (sluggish blood flow), hypercoagulability, and damage to the venous wall (intimal injury).
What are most common risk factors of venous thromboembolus formation? - Answer- Immo...
What are the three factors of Virchow's triad? - Answer- venous stasis (sluggish blood
flow), hypercoagulability, and damage to the venous wall (intimal injury).
What are most common risk factors of venous thromboembolus formation? - Answer-
Immobility, trauma, pregnancy, cancer, heart failure, and estrogen use.
Symptoms of pulmonary venous thromboembolus - Answer- Varies secondary to size of
embolus and underlying cardiopulmonary conditions
Restlessness, anxiety "impending doom"
Dyspnea (75%-85% of patients)
Tachycardia/tachypnea
Chest pain especially on inspiration (65% to 75%)
Hemoptysis
Respiratory/heart failure
four major types of lung cancer - Answer- large cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma,
squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma
Lung cancer facts - Answer- 180,000 new cases each year
85% associated with smoking
Started smoking before age 25
Smoked 1 or more ppd for 20 years
Asbestos exposure
Age over 50
160,000 deaths per year
3800 deaths per year from secondary smoke
Squamous cell Carcinoma - Answer- 25-35% of cases
Originates bronchial tree
Intraluminal growth
Can be detected in sputum
Can be detected early
Doubles volume in 100 days
Metastasizes to regional lymph nodes
Adenocarcinoma - Answer- 35-40% of cases
Originates in periphery of the lung
Not diagnosed as early as squamous cell
Doubles volume in 180 days
,Usually metastasize to distant organs
Large cell carcinoma - Answer- 5-10% of cases
Develop in periphery
Cancer cells are quite "large" and in clusters
Metastasize to distant organs
Small cell carcinoma (oat cell) - Answer- 15-20%
Develops in bronchial tree
Causes airway compression and wheezing
Rapid growth-doubles volume in 33 days
Widespread metastasis
Most difficult to treat
Symptoms of lung cancer - Answer- 15-25% asymptomatic
Intrathoracic
Dyspnea
Cough
Increased sputum
Hoarseness
Hemoptysis
Chest pain
Extrathoracic
Weight loss
Anemia
Facial /UE edema
bronchoscope - Answer- used for viewing of airways and check for abnormalities
Asthma - Answer- a lung disease characterized by (a) airway obstruction that is
reversible (but not completely in some patients); (b) airway inflammation; and (c)
increased airway reactivity to a variety of stimuli
Occurs in about 5-12% of the US population
Most common chronic disease in childhood
Twice as many boys
Mild to life threatening
Triggered by allergens and by stimuli
Symptoms of asthma - Answer- Wheezing, airway constriction, chest tightness,
shortness of breath, increased sputum, tachycardia, accessory muscle use
, Intrinsic/Environmental Asthma (non-allergic) - Answer- Frequently develops in middle
age
Less favorable prognosis
Precipitated by:
Respiratory infections
Exercise
Running
Jogging
Tennis
Stress
Exposure to pulmonary irritants
Foods
MSG
Hops
Drugs
Aspirin
No specific allergen can be identified
Extrinsic/Genetic Asthma (allergic) - Answer- Begin in childhood (1/3 to ½ of all cases)
Associated with a history of hay fever or eczema
Positive family history
Mediated by IgE
Sensitivity to specific allergens
Pollen
Animal dander
House dust
Mold
Feather pillows
Industrial chemicals
Cockroach allergen (major allergen for inner city children)
Acute Bronchitis - Answer- acute inflammation of the trachea and bronchi.
Highest incidence
Smokers
Young children
Elderly
Winter months
80% viral in origin
Other causes
Bacterial infections
Smoking
Toxic exposures
Allergic reactions
Airways become inflamed/narrowed from capillary dilation
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